Evaluate the Methods Used by the Psychodynamic Approach

Charlotte King Orion 12 Psychology EXAM QUESTIONS Evaluate strategies utilized by the psychodynamic approach. One of the techniques utilized by the psychodynamic approach is contextual analyses. Contextual investigations are utilized to rehearse their treatment on to check whether it really works. The treatment made by Sigmund Freud, is called analysis. A case of one of the contextual analyses would be the contextual investigation of Little Hans. Hans was at the age where he saw he had a penis and along these lines played with it a great deal. His mom saw this and instructed him to stop it else she would call the specialist and get him to cut it off.Hans later on built up a fear of ponies, so his dad connected with Freud and educated him concerning Hans’ weird conduct and he proposed that he was terrified of ponies due to the huge penis. Later on, Freud and Hans’ father found that he had a fear of ponies since he considered his to be as an opponent and he obviously had a huge penis. He considered his to be as an opponent since he obtained the Oedipus complex which implied that he had a sexual want for his mom and along these lines needed to dispose of the father.Freud deciphered that the ponies in the fear were emblematic of the dad, and that Hans expected that the pony (father) would chomp (maim) him as discipline for the depraved wants towards his mom. With Hans feeling undermined by his father, Freud believes that he thinks of a safeguard component known as ‘identification with the assailant'. This is the place Hans would bond with his dad by receiving his peculiarities and activities, along these lines; he won't feel threatening towards him. Weeks after, Hans’ fear improved and toward the finish of the fear he had two dreams. One of them being that his dad was the granddad not the dad.And the other about his base and penis being evacuates then being replaces with bigger ones. In the wake of recuperating from the fear, Hans’ father consoled Hans that he had no goal of cutting his penis off. One shortcoming of the contextual investigation strategy is that it can't set point of reference for all cases with comparable patients. For instance, analysis may take a shot at Hans yet it probably won't take a shot at another person who has a fear of ponies. Be that as it may, contextual investigations over history of brain research have had the option to give clinicians significant data about various mental illnesses.Meaning, a specific report can be utilized as a methods for understanding into existence with the ailment. Another drawback to the contextual analysis strategy is the totally open and uncontrolled condition where it happens. This takes out its handiness as a pointer of circumstances and logical results since the factors in the examination are uncontrolled. This makes it excessively troublesome or pretentious to express that one worth connects in any capacity to another. Rather, a clinician can build up a speculation on this relationship and utilize another exploration technique to decide support for, or nullification for, their hypothesis.This is the reason it was referenced before that contextual investigations can set out the establishments for additional mental examination. Another technique is the utilization dream investigation. This is the place dreams are investigated more profundity to make sense of their actual significance. Freud believed dreams to be the ‘royal street to the oblivious' all things considered in dreams that the sense of self's protections are brought down with the goal that a portion of the curbed material comes through to mindfulness. Freud recognized theâ manifest substance of a dreamâ (what the visionary recalls) and theâ latent content,â the representative importance of the dreamâ (i. e. the basic wish).The show content is frequently founded on the occasions of the day. The procedure the fundamental wish is converted into the show conte nt is called dream-work. The reason for dream work is to change the prohibited wish into a non-compromising structure, lessening uneasiness and permitting us to keeping resting. Dream work includes the procedure of dislodging, buildup and optional elaboration. Displacementâ takes place when we change the individual or item we are truly worried about to another person. Condensationâ takes place when we consolidate various components into one part of the show content.Secondary elaborationâ occurs when the oblivious brain strings together wish-satisfying pictures in a legitimate request of occasions, further clouding the inert substance. As indicated by Freud this is the reason the show substance of dreams can be as trustworthy occasions. On 24 July 1895, Freud had his own fantasy that was to frame the premise of his hypothesis. He had been stressed over a patient, Irma, who was not working out quite as well in treatment as he had trusted. Freud in reprimanded himself for this, and was feeling regretful. Freud envisioned that he met Irma at a gathering and analyzed her.He then observed a concoction recipe for a medication that another specialist had given Irma streak before his eyes and understood that her condition was brought about by a messy syringe utilized by the other specialist. Freud was not, at this point blameworthy. Freud deciphered this fantasy asâ wish-satisfaction. He had wanted that Irma's poor condition was not his deficiency and the fantasy had satisfied this desire by illuminating him that another specialist was to blame. In light of this fantasy, Freud proceeded to suggest that a significant capacity of dreams was the satisfaction of wishes. Another technique utilized in therapy is free association.Free Association or the Talking Cure depends on the psychodynamic model of variation from the norm. Psychotherapy places extraordinary importance on youth encounters, for example, the psychosexual stages, and on curbed driving forces and uncertai n clashes in the oblivious. The point of psychotherapy is to bring stifled material into cognizant mindfulness †‘to make the oblivious, conscious’. During treatment meetings the patient is urged to unwind on a lounge chair and discussion about whatever comes into his psyche. The advisor tunes in and offers no judgment about anything the patient says.It is trusted the patient will loosen up his interior blue pencil and discharged subdued material from the oblivious. The advisor at that point enables the patient to decipher the material and addition understanding into the roots of the contention. During the treatment the patient may likewise move his oblivious sentiments and feelings onto the specialist. Psychotherapists help the patient arrangement with their recouped recollections that originated from the oblivious. Patients experience a purifying encounter called abreaction. Somebody who encounters this will be relieved of the turmoil.

What Is a 401k Everything You Need to Know

What Is a 401k Everything You Need to Know SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you have the alternative of setting up a 401k arrangement? Does your boss offer a 401k coordinating advantage? Is it accurate to say that you are confounded about what these words even mean? Try not to stress! We'll disclose all that you have to think about these records, at the same time, first, what is a 401k, precisely? A 401k is a retirement investment account supported by a business and structured by the legislature to give you tax cuts on your reserve funds. Your cash unobtrusively develops until the time you can pull back it in your late 50s. This guide will clarify precisely what a 401k does, what you should or shouldn't do with it, how to place cash in it, and how it can set you up for a monetarily secure retirement. For anybody new to the universe of 401k plans, let’s start with a fast survey of terms. Putting something aside for Retirement Terms: A Glossary Here are a few terms you’ll see all through the guide and a concise working meaning of each: 401k: a business supported retirement account that permits your cash to develop after some time. Your organization brings to the table it, and it picks the principles. Conventional 401k: this is the most widely recognized 401k record. You contribute cash before it is burdened. At that point, you pay burdens on your cash when you pull back after age 59 1/2 (or 55 on the off chance that you've resigned). Roth 401k: this is a more up to date 401k record where you contribute cash that’s as of now been burdened. You don’t need to pay burdens later when you pull back. IRA: this represents Individual Retirement Account. An IRA doesn’t must be boss supported. You can move your 401k cash into an IRA in the occasion you lose your employment or your organization goes under. Investment fund: another alternative for putting away your cash freely. An investment fund doesn’t offer a similar tax reductions as a 401k or IRA, yet your investment opportunities are boundless. Business coordinating: numerous businesses will coordinate all or a portion of your yearly commitments to your 401k. Free cash! While Roth 401k’s are picking up in ubiquity, the vast majority of us will in any case be offered a customary 401k through our organization. In this manner, we'll start by really expounding on conventional records to respond to our million dollar question: what is a 401k arrangement? Business coordinating is the best. With both you and your organization adding to your retirement fund, it can develop very huge after some time. What Is a 401k? A 401k is a business supported retirement investment account. Not all businesses offer 401ks, however the individuals who do decide how it functions. For example, the business picks the different finances that make up your 401k portfolio. Since your manager brings to the table it, you can't set up an independent 401k all alone. In the event that you choose to open a 401k record, you’ll ordinarily contribute cash to it consequently every month or year. On the off chance that so slanted, your organization may coordinate your commitments somewhere in the range of 25% to 100% (a few organizations even go past 100% for the most generously compensated workers). Some 401k organizations start by coordinating a little level of your commitment and increment this rate the more you work for them. There are loads of ways you can set aside cash for retirement, including building up an IRA or investment fund or gathering bills in an old espresso container. What are the upsides of placing cash into a 401k when contrasted with these different techniques? What Are the Advantages of a 401k? There are a few points of interest to a 401k, just as a couple of constraints. Let’s start with the advantages. #1: Tax Benefits 401k plans permit your cash to become untaxed. Customary 401ks let you contribute pre-burdened cash. At the point when you in the end pull back the cash, that’s when you’ll pay burdens on it. Roth 401k plans have you contribute as of now burdened cash. At the point when you take it out, you don’t need to pay any duties on it. IRA and Roth IRA accounts additionally have charge points of interest, however they regularly set prohibitive cutoff points on how much cash you can contribute every year. Some just permit you to place in $5,500 every year, while 401k plans, as you'll peruse underneath, permit you to put up to $18,000, or significantly more in case you're including a business coordinate. In an investment fund that you can set up autonomously of a business, your cash would be burdened twice. In a 401k (conventional or Roth), your cash is just at any point burdened once. This duty set-up is a major advantage of 401k records. #2: Annual Compound Growth The second bit of leeway of placing your cash into a 401k instead of state, an espresso container, is that it permits your cash to develop after some time. Because of the influence of aggravating premium, you could see your cash develop altogether over decades. In the event that you contribute $5,000 every year when you’re 25 and your cash develops at a 5% yearly rate, for instance, at that point you would have an extra $30,000 more than you would in the event that you began contributing ten years after the fact. You’ll see fundamentally more cash the prior you begin sparing. You could cover your investment funds in your lawn, yet the main thing your cash would develop is shape. #3: Employer Matching A few, however not all, businesses will coordinate a level of your yearly commitments. Business coordinate is basically free cash! Except if you truly can’t bear the cost of it, you ought to endeavor to get the full boss match you can every year to benefit as much as possible from this offer. #4: High Contribution Limits As referenced above, 401k plans additionally have higher commitment limits than some free retirement accounts. A few IRAs just let you put about $5,500 every year, while 401k cutoff points are set at about $18,000, contingent upon the year. That limit doesn’t incorporate any coordinating commitments made by your boss, so you could really put much more every year into your 401k. We’ll get into the specific numbers beneath. With everything taken into account, 401ks are engaging in light of the fact that they offer huge duty favorable circumstances for your retirement reserve funds, permit your cash to develop after some time, and they may include critical commitments from your manager. That being stated, there are some 401k limits that you should think about. The following are the three fundamental confinements. What Are the Limitations of a 401k? Since your organization offers the 401k arrangement, it likewise sets up specific principles and guidelines. For example, your boss picks the investment opportunities that make up the 401k. While you may have boundless alternatives with a money market fund, you may just have a couple with your 401k. This can really be a bit of leeway for certain individuals, who would prefer to adopt an additional hands-off strategy to how their cash gets contributed. Besides, a few businesses set up a â€Å"forfeit law.† If you get laid off and have not exactly a specific measure of cash in your 401k, at that point you don’t recover that cash. Your organization will set this sum and the subtleties of any relinquish law. Make a point to ask whether your organization has one. At last, a few organizations likewise expect you to work with them for a base number of years before you’re completely â€Å"vested† and can hold their coordinating commitments. On the off chance that you leave or lose your employment before that time, you can in any case keep your own investment funds, however any business coordinate commitments will vanish. Since you know the points of interest and constraints of a 401k, what do you need to do to set one up? Do you pick your ventures, or does the organization choose for you? Proceeding with the retirement fund representation, do you need to construct the bushel where your investment funds eggs will develop? What Steps Should You Take to Set Up Your 401k Plan? The initial phase in setting up your 401k arrangement is joining with your boss. Regularly, your manager or a HR expert ought to go over the means with you when you get employed. On the off chance that you decided not to join when you originally began working at the organization, you can at present address your manager about how to join now. As you round out the imperative desk work, you’ll choose how much cash you need to contribute. You can increment or diminishing this sum if your conditions change, however you won’t have the option to pull back cash once you’ve stored it (before retirement age) without a punishment. Once you’ve opened your record, you can adopt a functioning contributing strategy or put the 401k on autopilot. As referenced over, your manager will pick the investment opportunities, and you can pick how your cash gets conveyed among them. Most of individuals, however, essentially go with a â€Å"target-date† subsidize. With a deadline subsidize, you set the date you may resign, say, 2050, and the 401k wraps up. You won’t need to structure your portfolio; rather, the record itself will change how your advantages are designated after some time. On the off chance that you do choose to adopt an increasingly dynamic strategy, a great general guideline to follow is to have a differentiated portfolio that can brave the good and bad times in the market. With an enhanced portfolio, you can help ensure that your reserve funds will develop after some time. While the measure of cash you can stand to add to your 401k changes by individual, there are sure cutoff points set up. Peruse on for the 401k commitment constrains in 2016. The amount Money Can You Contribute to Your 401k? There are 401 k constrains that decide how much cash you can add to your record every year. These 401k commitment limits vary somewhat after some time alongside swelling. Starting at 2016, individuals under 50 could put in up to $18,000 every year. Individuals more than 50 could place in $24,000. The extra $6,000 is viewed as a â€Å"catch up† commitment for the individuals who didn’t maximize their cutoff points in prior years. Any organization coordinating doesn’t tally toward this 401k breaking point. The most extreme joined commitment (yours in addition to your organization coordinate) can go up to $53,000. A decent general guideline is to contribute about 10% of your yearly salary, if conceivable. In the event that you have business coordinating, at that point you ought to likewise endeavor to get the greatest match commitments you can. Other than 401k cutoff points, there are likewise administers about when you can

Early Action

Early Action *Update as of 2015: Early action is available to both domestic and international students. This year, we received 3493 applications for early action, 13% more than last year. We admitted 390 students, or 11% of the applicants. A similar number of students were denied, while those students in the middle, about three quarters of the applicants, were deferred to regular action for further consideration. I am often asked why MITs admit rate for early action is so low in comparison to the admit rate for early programs at other highly selective colleges (where the early admission rate is often much, much higher than the regular action admission rate). The reason is that we are committed to admitting no more than 30% of our class during early action. We feel that the pressures to apply early are too high, and dont want to further contribute to that by leaving only a very small number of spaces for regular action, further pressuring people to apply early. Additionally, we dont want to penalize those students who apply regular action. While this 30% is a much smaller percentage of the class admitted early than many other places (where, often, nearly half of the class is filled from a much smaller early pool), remember that here, being deferred is not a polite rejection. Deferred students are given full consideration again during regular action, where most (~75%) of our admitting is done. Many students were deferred, and I know that those students will be very competitive during the regular action process. For example, last year, we admitted 295 students during regular action who were deferred from early action (and the year before, it was 267). (Look for more entries on deferred applicants soon) I know I speak for all of the admissions officers when I say that this was the most challenging early action admissions weve ever done. There were so many incredible students who applied early this year, more than we can ever remember. We loved reading your applications. Thank you for applying!

Cultural Values - 1321 Words

Each person develops in some type of culture. It is the environment that we live in that determines what we learn, how we learn it, and the rules for living with others. My family and I are Peruvian. That would make me Hispanic in the United States. My origins are straight from Peru. I came to the United States when I was 12 years old, so my beliefs and traditions haven’t changed from when I was still in Peru. There are rules that are transmitted from one generation to the next and are often adapted to the times and locations, and these rules are absorbed by children as we develop and learn about home country traditions, customs and beliefs. These customs will still follow us throughout your life. Although a person can be broken down into†¦show more content†¦I knew everything was going to change. But it was then when I came to know my culture values. It took perhaps the combination of being in another, foreign culture and being away from my own to make clear to me the impact of culture on my life. I began to know the value of Familismo. I started to value more than before the close relationship I had with my relatives. I even realized that being a country that gives many opportunities could allow me and my family to aid my members of the family experiencing financial problems, unemployment, or other issues. When I came to the United States I also came to put in practice the value of Simpatia (â€Å"kindness†) as well as the value of Respeto. I was taught to value respect, and be kind to others. For example when my parents, elders or other relatives need care I am responsible to care for them as just as they took care of me in my earliest stages of life. I was taught to never answer back to not only elders, but to anyone who’s older than I. I had the privilege of having experienced both Hispanic and American cultures; however growing up with mainly Hispanic culture values has shaped me to be the person I am today. Once my family and I were living here, one of the cultural values that we put in practice within my family was the eating habits. While I lived in Peru, it was customary for my dad to come home from work for about two hours to be together for lunch. But once we settled inShow MoreRelatedCultural Value And Cultural Values Essay2952 Words   |  12 Pagesunique and require a lot of understanding and comprehension. To do this, different cultural value dimensions should be studied and applied to a culture. Applying this to the business environment will be more complicated especially in a multinational company. To be a successful leader or manager in a company, one must fully understand each member of his team as well know his team’s cultural background. Cultural value continuums would be helpful in considering which management style might work bestRead MoreCultural Values And Cultural Value Orientations1439 Words   |  6 Pageschallenging to grasp the difference in cult ural pattern taxonomies orientations of other cultures. Cultural pattern taxonomies has been defined in the textbook, Communication between Cultures, â€Å"as the dominant beliefs and values of a culture.† Cultural value orientation varies among cultures and ultimately affects the way we communicate interpersonally. To better understand the differences as well as the similarities in cultural value orientations, Geert Hofstede’s Values Dimensions have broken down theRead MoreCultural Values And The Dominant Culture1883 Words   |  8 Pagesvariety of cultural values. In comparing myself to the dominant culture in the United States I have found both similarities as well as differences between my worldviews and the majority worldview. 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Describe the five cross cultural values highlighted in the chapter. Using these dimensions of values, describe Malaysia. Values differ across cultures. Therefore, we need to understand these differences in order to explain and predict employees behavior from different countries. Some cultures value group decision, whereas others think that the leader should take charge. For an example, meetings in Germany usually start on time, whereas they might be half an hour late in Brazil or MalaysiaRead MoreHofstede s Dimensions Of Cultural Values1890 Words   |  8 PagesEssay Introduction The concept of cultural intelligence and its applications in management has become a pivotal business issue, especially in the context of cross-cultural management. Therefore, it is imperative for executives to understand the science behind it, which is culture itself. This essay will explore various cultural frameworks with a focus on Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Values, and also conduct a further analysis through a comparison of my cultural scores with that of my own countryRead MoreCultural Diversity : Cultural Values, Globe, Huntington Model And Hall s Cultural Framework2148 Words   |  9 Pagesleaders who can work effectively across organizational, functional and cross cultural boundaries (Evans, Pucik Barsoux, 2011). The need of those global leaders indicates the urgency of understanding cross cultural diversity. However, the complexity in cultural diversity can be overwhelming. Some studies have been conducted in this area including Hofstede’s cultural values, GLOBE, Huntington model and Hall’s cultural framework. 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A Brief Note On The Culture Of Terrorism - 1518 Words

Culture of Terrorism The Culture of Terrorism The thesis of this paper is that the attacks of 9/11 were the catalysts of a world culture of terrorism that is used by propaganda and censorship to blur the politics of globalization and technology, and restructure a totalitarian society. This paper will argue that the businesses of â€Å"the U.S. media shill factory† (Borjesson, 2004, p.165), the plottings of the â€Å"brand based† (Klein, 2000, P.421) corporations, and the multi-national oil giants influence sectors of government by using deliberate strategies of censorship and propaganda to discredit government effectiveness, alienate populations, and seize control. What is the correlation between censorship and propaganda? â€Å"Intelligent men must†¦show more content†¦A new social order can only be reconstructed by a flow of chaos that compels a populace to request and even accede to such a change. It is essential to this paper that this began to surface publicly during â€Å"the mass popular movements of the 1960’s and 1970’s† (Chomsky, 1988, p.39-40). It was evident in the social activists who protested against the culture of violence that erupted. It was seen in the youth, in the universities, and in the government that had presided over the baby-boomer, white middle class economic boom between 1945 and 1963. This quiet center of American society floated unaware of the iceberg that lurked below, the â€Å"military-industrial complex† that Eisenhower warned of just before he left office in 1961 (â€Å"The Avalon Project†). Eisenhower also noted that â€Å"until the latest of our world conflicts, the U.S. had no armament industry† (â€Å"The Avalon Project†), but society was about to be torn apart. National leaders were assassinated. Kent State students protested Nixon’s unauthorized invasion of Cambodia, which he concealed from Congress. The Vietnamese War also brought the violence of arms directly to the American people along with â€Å"massive amounts of heroin being smuggled into the States in the bodies and body bags of GI’s killed in Vietnam† (Borjesson, 2004, p.165). Although â€Å"it was clear to us that CIA protection of international narcotics traffickers depended heavily on the

Newspaper Analysis Free Essays

The front page of a newspaper provides a great deal of information on various subjects. Most newspapers include a weather forecast, an index or brief description of articles inside the paper, and a small sports scorecard to accompany the local and national news. Newspapers also concentrate on how to grab the attention of readers. We will write a custom essay sample on Newspaper Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now They most commonly use a larger, darker type of print, mixture of color, and/or pictures on the front page of the paper. A newspaper s job is to update people on the happenings around the world as well as in their own community. Community size often may influence or even dictate the findings on the front page of a newspaper. Normally the front page of a newspaper lets a person in on the findings throughout the remaining sections of the paper. A small index, or article description containing page numbers, usually shows a reader what the rest of paper contains. Accompanying this index, usually a forecast of the weather to come in the next few days manages to make it on the front page also. Some papers actually save the die-hard sports fans some time by having a miniature scoreboard recapping the scores of the day before. Remember that this doesn t apply to all papers only to some. Newspapers constantly look for more readers and to help attract these readers many attempt to dress up their paper. While some papers remain basic and plain, others add color and size to font in a try to appeal to readers. Background color adds a little life to an otherwise regular dull off white that normally associates itself with newspapers. The larger font highlighted in bold to draw the eyes of a reader in that direction gives each article its own personalized title instead of simply a lead in to the article itself. Negative effects, also come from the attempt at adding life to the paper. A few readers become disgusted with the constant multiple page articles. The large font makes articles small space assigned to it that much smaller, so readers frequently find themselves finishing articles on a second page. Pictures commonly graze the front page of newspapers. From local events to national disasters they provide for a break in reading. Even when reading a book, many people skim the pages looking for pictures to give an image to the writings in that book. The pictures do not necessarily link with the articles on the page either; many pictures make the paper without a story behind them. These pictures commonly differ from place to place. If a person were to pick up a small town newspaper they would most likely notice a range of articles from the town wide garage sale to the result of the football game on Friday night. If a person were to pick up a larger based newspaper, they would notice more articles dealing with the community. The difference between newspapers varies ever so slightly. When a person views or observes the pictures from the big city paper they may find some government officials shaking hands or people from another country with distraught looks overcoming their faces. In a local community the newspaper more than likely will not contain pictures pulled off the associated press wire. Pictures on the front page of a small town paper will show children swimming, playing at a local park, or the rodeo queen. A person won t catch these pictures on the cover of a large paper; in fact, articles similar to these most likely would not exist in larger papers. Like pictures, articles also differ from community to community. Not many small papers feature articles about how the President signed another bill or influenced another treaty. The small papers will contain articles about the local chamber of commerce or the recent school board bond issue. The larger newspaper will discuss a variety of national news and possibly work in some details of how the stock market is rising or falling. The larger paper covers so many different communities it is important for them to keep people up to date on the latest news nationally with their sources. With sources obtained by the larger paper their ability to cover national news makes them the money. Different papers cover different topics or issues. Newspapers bring information about various subjects to people. People in return relay this information to other people, in effect notifying others of the happenings in our world. The importance of the newspaper takes us back in history to the time of the Sons of Liberty. They were not far enough advanced to produce a newspaper and disperse it among the colonies. They had to send representatives to meetings to tell of their mistreatment by the British. This only happened through organized meetings at different times. Small newspapers cover local news happening around several communities. Even though it covers several communities, small papers create a feel of a hometown paper. Large papers just don t create that feel of a hometown paper even though they also cover many communities. These papers are relied on to bring the people the national news that escapes the smaller papers. Their emphasis on national news makes them the leading sellers. Every newspaper covers their fair share of news, only each paper s front page will contain the news they will exhibit throughout the remaining of their paper. Simply put remember to find national news go to the big city paper and for your local news pick up a small newspaper. How to cite Newspaper Analysis, Essay examples

Australian Competition and Connection Consumer Commission

Question: Discuss about the Australian Competition and Connection Consumer Commission. Answer: Introduction: Coles is a huge brand in Australia and the provisions of the Competition and Consumer Act, 2010, (Cth) apply on the company. To meet with the regulatory compliance of this act, Coles has opted for a few strategies. These strategies include providing better shopping experience to its customers, improving the quality by use of fresher produce and offering better value by lowering the prices of weekly shopping basket. The Annual Report of Coles for the financial year 2015 stated its objectives as delivering a better store network; focus on freshness and creating trusted value. By supplying better quality products, Coles is working towards creating trusted value. Coles Online is a part of the company which also shares the same strategy of providing better services, by making shopping easy for its customers. This strategy has a clear and strong focus on delivering savings to its customers. Coles Express had introduced trusted Every Day Value pricing in its stores for fulfillment of this strategy (Coles, 2015). The slogans of the company, used from time to time are aligned with the, objectives of the Act. Whether it is the slogan used in 1980s of You'll find the best value is at Coles New World"or the one used from 1998 to 2003, which was "Serving you better, Coles has ensured that the objectives of the Act are met. The current slogan of the company Down Down promotes competition (Mortimer, 2015). The strategies of Coles seem plain advertisement criteria, but a careful observation of the wordings clarifies the objective behind these strategies. The Act, through its various provisions, provides that a business has to ensure that the produce provided to the consumers, is safe for human consumption. Further, the products which have a low shelf life have to be provided to the customers, within the shelf life of such product. The act also provides that the inertest of the consumer have to be secured. All the strategies of Coles reflect the objective of the Competition and Consumer Act, 2010. The objective of this Act is to enhance the welfare of the Australians by promoting competition, free trading and providing provisions for consumer protection (Australian Government, 2016). The strategy of Coles is to provide fresher products to its customers. By providing fresher produce, the company sets examples to its competitors to ensure that the consumers ultimately benefit from its business. A better store network would ensure that the customers do not face any hassles in their shopping experience. One of the strategies of Coles is to provide better products at lower values. By ensuring a combination of better product with low costs, a sense of competition is attained. The other companies would also move towards providing such services. The consumer would get better products at lesser prices. This would again promote competition. Coles had its share of problems with the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. The Court in the case of ACCC v Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 1405 held that the company was engaged in unconscionable conduct and levied a penalty of $10 million on it (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2014). The judge held that the misconduct of Coles was deliberate, repeated and serious. Further, the judge held that the company had misused its bargaining power and the conduct of Coles was contrary to the conscience (Australian Competition Law, 2015). This created a huge problem for Coles as it failed on its strategies to promote competition. On the basis of above case, certain recommendations have been drafted for Coles to improve the management activities of the company, in order to comply with the competition law. The main recommendation for Coles is that, it has to ensure that the incidents mentioned in the above case are not repeated. It should conduct its business in a way which is considered as conscience. It should, at no instance, threaten to harm its suppliers who refused to comply with the Companys demands. Coles has to promote fair trading in its business, along with promoting competition amongst the businesses. Coles has to ensure that it does not indulge in any sort of misleading and deceptive conduct. Further, as the unconscionable and misleading conduct has been prohibited through this Act, Coles has to make sure that it does not take part in such conduct. There has already been a case against Coles in this regard, and any more cases would mean that the company fails to achieve its strategies of creating trusted value. There is also scope of improvement in the management activities of the company to ensure compliance of competition law. The company is working towards providing fresher produce but by creating a better supply chain, the time of getting the produce from suppliers to the supermarket can be reduced. This would ensure that the consumers gets fresh produce and promotes competition. To conclude, it is recommended to the company that they follow the provisions of the Act strictly and ensure that the instances of unconscionable conduct are not repeated. Keeping in view the incident that occurred, the grounds for successful negligence along with the consequences to Bungee World Ltd (BW) have been enlightened here. Recommendations are also provided to resolve the potentially damaging public relations problem in the best possible way. Negligence is the civil wrong done where a duty of care was owed by a person towards another person and the person failed to fulfill this duty, which resulted in a loss or injury to the other person. To establish that the liability arose under the tort of negligence, certain elements have to be present. These elements include a duty of care, a breach of such duty of care, a loss or injury as a result of breach of the duty, and that the loss or injury has to be relevant and not too remote. As per the Civil Liability Act, 2002 (NSW), a person is not considered as negligent unless the risk was predictable, the risk was not at all insignificant and in similar circumstances a prudent person would have taken proper precautions. A landmark case in the duty of care is the case of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 (Boella and Pannett, 1999). Further, a standard of care has to be ensured as was seen in the case of Bathurst Regional Council v Thompson [2012] NSWCA 340 (Sheehan, 2012). Though a defense is available to the breaching party which states that, a person has to ensure his own safety when the risks are presumed. In such a case, the aggrieved party cannot sue the breaching party as they failed to take the duty of care for themselves. This was also established in the case of Mulligan v Coffs Harbour City Council (2005) 223 CLR (High Court of Australia, 2005). But, in the case of Rootes v Shelton (1967) 116 CLR 383, 385-6, the judge held that when the risk is inherent, the people are bound to accept it to engage in the risky sports (Swarb, 2016). And so, this cannot be referred as a defense by the breaching party. Damage is not only the physical damage, but also the emotional distress. In the case of Baltic Shipping v Dillon (1993) 176 CLR 344, it was held that the applicant could recover damages for the emotional distress that resulted from the breach of duty of care (Australian Contract Law, 2013). In the present case, BW was providing the services of Bungee Jumping for a fee of $50. Further, a waiver form had to be signed by the customers to undertake this activity. As has been established from the famous cases, this does not reduce the liability of BW in case of an injury. BW owed a duty of care towards Loki and had to ensure that the equipment for the bungee jumping was safe and secure. Further, the risk of corrosion was inherent due to the sea moisture present in the air. In this case, BW is liable for negligence as it breached the duty of care it owed to Loki. Further, as stated above, the injury does not have to be a physical and a mental injury is enough to claim damages under negligence. In this case, Loki did not suffer any physical injury but suffered a nervous shock. So, he can successfully sue BW for negligence. As a result of this negligence action taken by Loki, BW will be liable to pay Loki the monetary damages, as a remedy for the injury which Loki suffered. This is a potentially damaging public relations problem and so an effective crisis management is needed to resolve this problem. It is recommended to the Board that the problem should be assessed properly and an understanding should be gained regarding the potential stakeholder, which is Loki in this case. The Board should take steps in providing compensation to Loki before he takes any legal action. This would not only save the costs of legal proceedings, but also act as a shield against the damage done to Loki, as well as, to the image of the company. It is also recommended to the Board to ensure that the faulty equipment is changed and that all the old equipment is checked for its durability and safety. The Board should properly advertise the remedial actions taken as well as the voluntary compensation provided to Loki, so that the image of the company, in the eyes of the public, is improved. Lastly, it is recommended to the company formulate a proper crisis management team which can anticipate, identify and monitor such crisis which have a negated impact on the image of the company (Bernstein, 2016). The 10 minimum employment entitlements which are provided to the workers in Australia as per the Fair Works Act, 2009, are known as the National Employment Standards, or NES. An enterprise agreement or any other registered agreement, an employment contract, or an award are not allowed to provide such conditions, which are less than the NES or the national minimum wages. It can be rightly inferred that the NES and the national minimum wage cover the minimum entitlements for the workers in this country. The 10 minimum entitlements as are stated in the NES includes requests for flexible working arrangements; annual leave; maximum weekly hours; parental leave and related entitlements; long service leave; fair work information statement; personal careers leave and compassionate leave; community service leave; public holidays; and a notice of termination and redundancy pay (Fair Work Ombudsman, 2016). These standards apply to all such employees who are covered in the national workplace relations system by the NES, irrespective of the registered agreement, employment contract, or the award. Casual employees are also eligible to NES entitlements, when it relates to an unpaid compassionate leave, an unpaid carers leave, the Fair Work Information Statement, or the community service leave (Fair Work Ombudsman, 2016). The head of human resources of an Australian engineering company needs to ensure that the company does not contravene these standards. These standards contain that the maximum standard working week should be within the limits of 38 hours for any full time employee, along with the reasonable additional hours. It has to be ensured that the right to request some flexible working arrangement is present. The parental and adoption unpaid leave of 12 months should be available for the employees along with a right to seek an additional 12 months. The paid annual leave of four weeks should be available with the employees for each year, on pro rata basis (The Australian Workers Union, 2016). Further, a ten day paid personal or carers leave should be available with the employees for each year, on pro rata basis, along with two days unpaid carers leave for each permissible occasion, and two days paid compassionate leave for each permissible occasion. The head of HR also has to ensure that proper leaves for jury service, as well as, for emergencies and natural disasters are provided to its employees. Such person also has to ensure that the new employees receive the Fair Work Information Statement. The employees have to be entitled to take the public holidays and the entitlement be paid for ordinary hours for such days. Lastly, the long service leave and notice of termination as well as redundancy pay has to be made available (Fair Work Ombudsman, 2016). The section 3 of the Australian Consumer Law (ACL) defines the term consumer. A person who acquires goods or services and the amount paid for such goods or services does not exceed $40,000, is a consumer (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2016). Such goods and services must be used for personal only and not for re-supply, to fall under the category of consumer. Further, Section 21 of the ACL contains provisions regarding unconscionable conduct in relation to the goods or services. Section 21(1) prohibits a person from supplying or acquiring goods and services, to or from, a person in a manner where the conduct is considered as unconscionable (Australian Competition Law, 2014). Though, the sections of ACL do not define what is considered as unconscionable conduct and hence, reliance is made to the Courts to consider whether an act can be termed as unconscionable conduct or not (Find Law Australia, 2016). The courts generally rely on the following points to consider the conduct as unconscionable conduct: the strength in the bargaining capabilities of the consumer and the supplier; if the consumer was required to comply with the conditions of the supplier, which were not reasonable in the interests of the consumer, and the suppliers conduct had forced the consumer to comply with such conditions; whether or not the consumer had a clear understanding regarding the appropriate documents related to the supply of goods and services; whether the supplier exerted any pressure or undue influence on the consumer; and such circumstances where the consumer could have taken the goods or supplier from any other supplier. If a supplier is found guilty of contravening the section 21 of the ACL, such supplier is then liable to civil pecuniary penalties of $220,000 for persons (other than body corporate) and for body corporate the penalty amount is $1.1 million. Further, the enforcement powers and remedies can also be applied on the supplier for contravening this section. These include injunctions, damages, substantial notices, undertakings, infringement notices, and non-punitive orders, amongst the other things (Australian Consumer Law, 2013). As the sale of the Ono water filter amounted to $2000, Rebecca would be considered as a consumer under the ACL. Dave had used undue influence on Rebecca and forced her to purchase the filter. Further, he used his strength of bargaining position and forced Rebecca to waive the cooling off period. Rebecca had no need to purchase the filter but the unconscionable conduct of Dave compelled her to buy the filter. Hence, Dave contravened the sections of ACL and as a result, Rebecca has the right to seek compensation from Dave. Further, Dave is also liable to civil pecuniary penalties of $220,000. References Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2016) Competition And Consumer Act 2010 - Schedule 2. [Online] Australasian Legal Information Institute. Available from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/caca2010265/sch2.html [Accessed on: 20/09/16] Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. (2014) Court finds Coles engaged in unconscionable conduct and orders Coles pay $10 million penalties. [Online] Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. Available from: https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/court-finds-coles-engaged-in-unconscionable-conduct-and-orders-coles-pay-10-million-penalties [Accessed on: 20/09/16] Australian Competition Law. (2014) Section 21: Unconscionable conduct in connection with goods or services. [Online] Australian Competition Law. Available from: https://www.australiancompetitionlaw.org/legislation/provisions/acl21.html [Accessed on: 20/09/16] Australian Competition Law. (2015) ACCC v Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd ACCC v Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 1405 (22 December 2014). [Online] Australian Competition Law. Available from: https://www.australiancompetitionlaw.org/cases/2014coles.html [Accessed on: 20/09/16] Australian Consumer Law. (2013) The Australian Consumer Law: A framework overview. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://consumerlaw.gov.au/files/2015/06/ACL_framework_overview.pdf [Accessed on: 20/09/16] Australian Contract Law. (2013) Baltic Shipping v Dillon High Court of Australia (1993) 176 CLR 344. [Online] Australian Contract Law. Available from: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/baltic.html [Accessed on: 20/09/16] Australian Government. (2016) Competition and Consumer Act 2010. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2011C00003/Html/Volume_1#param2 [Accessed on: 20/09/16] Bernstein, J. (2016) The 10 Steps of Crisis Communications. [Online] Bernstein Crisis Management. Available from: https://www.bernsteincrisismanagement.com/the-10-steps-of-crisis-communications/ [Accessed on: 20/09/16] Boella, M., and Pannett, A. (1999) Principles of Hospitality Law. 2nd ed. UK: Thomson Learning, pp 16-17. Coles. (2015) Annual Report 2015. [Online] Coles. https://www.coles.com.au/~/media/files/coles/pdfs/industry%20reports/467372_coles_annual_report_2015_18.pdf [Accessed on: 20/09/16] Fair Work Ombudsman. (2016) Fair Work Information Statement. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/724/Fair-Work-Information-Statement.pdf.aspx [Accessed on: 20/09/16] Fair Work Ombudsman. (2016) National Employment Standards. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/employee-entitlements/national-employment-standards [Accessed on: 20/09/16] Find Law Australia. (2016) Consumer law: What is unconscionable conduct?. [Online] Find Law Australia. Available from: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/4474/consumer-law-what-is-unconscionable-conduct-.aspx [Accessed on: 20/09/16] High Court of Australia. (2005) Mulligan v Coffs Harbour City Council [2005] HCA 63. [Online] High Court of Australia. Available from: https://eresources.hcourt.gov.au/downloadPdf/2005/HCA/63 [Accessed on: 20/09/16] Mortimer, G. (2015) Down, down but not different: Australias supermarkets in a race to the bottom. [Online] Queensland University of Technology. Available from: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/92666/2/92666.pdf [Accessed on: 20/09/16] Sheehan, E. (2012) Council fails in reliance on s 42 defence accident on steps of rotunda in park - Bathurst Regional Council as Trustee for the Bathurst City Council Crown Reserves Reserve Trust v Thompson [2012] NSWCA 340. [Online] Curwoods Lawyers Case Notes. Available from: https://casenotes.curwoods.com.au/?p=2002 [Accessed on: 20/09/16] Swarb. (2016) Rootes V Shelton; 1965. [Online] Swarb. Available from: https://swarb.co.uk/rootes-v-shelton-1965/ [Accessed on: 20/09/16] The Australian Workers Union. (2016) National Employment Standards. [Online] The Australian Workers Union. Available from: https://www.awu.net.au/national-employment-standards [Accessed on: 20/09/16].

Holocaust And Wiesel Essays - Satmar, Human Rights Abuses

Holocaust And Wiesel In early 1944 the town of Sighet, Transylvania was overran by the Nazi war regime as it rapidly expanded across Europe and parts of Asia. In this town a young religious man named Elie Wiesel was questioning the intent of the German army and the rumors that were circling about them. Although he had heard that the Germans were planning mass genocide of the Jewish race, the common feeling throughout the town was that Hitler could never exterminate every Jew. Early in Wiesel's Night, he recounts his experiences in the Holocaust and he expresses his undying faith and belief that god would never allow Hitler's regime to run its course. When the Nazi army finally reached the town of Signet, the Jews were forced from their homes and relocated into the town's gettos. It was the seventh day of Passover, and according to Wiesel, "the race towards death had begun."1 The Jews were slowly removed from the large getto of Sighet and shipped to the smaller, "holding" getto where they were separated according to sex, age, and physical ability, and prepared for shipment to Auschwitz. The day that Wiesel and his family were to be moved to the smaller getto of Signet, Wiesel demonstrates his faith in God by awaking early to perform his daily prayers. As he prepared to leave his home he said, "I looked at our house, where I had spent so many years in my search for God; in fasting in order to hasten the coming of the Messiah; in imagining what my life would be like. Yet I felt little sorrow."2 This passage is symbolic of his first parting with his faith in God. Yet he still believed in God, he was beginning to understand that a God should not let mass extermination happen to his people. While he was sub-consciencly loosing his faith in God, he still felt that there was strength in humanity and that human morals would never allow the burning of Jews. Upon Wiesel's arrival at Auschwitz he caught his first glimpse of the crematories he exclaimed to his father, "I [do] not believe that they can burn people in our age...humanity would never tolerate it."3 Yet after his father convinced him of the horrible truth his faith in god could never be restored. Wiesel's father, after fully realizing the full horror of the concentration camps, said a small prayer to God, and to this Elie reacted with utter defiance. "For the first time, I felt revolt rise up in me. Why should I bless His name? The Eternal, Lord of the Universe, the All-Powerful and Terrible, was silent. What had I to thank Him for?"4 Although Wiesel still believed in the presence of God, he felt that in God's silence he was defying the Jews and their faith in him. How could someone you are so devoted to be absent in your greatest time of need? Wiesel said that he sympathized with Job, and I feel that the similarities between Wiesel and Job are numerous. Both were very religious men who put their faith before all other, and yet both found that their faith brought them nothing but suffering. Both felt that they deserved a more peaceful and humane existence because of their undying devotion, yet both lived in the cruelest situations for some time. Wiesel felt that man was stronger that god because throughout the Holocaust his fellow prisoners continued to praise God and believed that God allowed the Holocaust in order to benefit the Jews in some strange way. Wiesel felt that because of all the torture that the Jews were subjected to their continued praise proved that they were ignorant to the fact that God was not a source of supreme justice. Wiesel continued to despise God for the remainder of the Holocaust, yet from this new independence he found power. "I felt very strong. I was the accuser, God the accused...I was terribly alone in a world without god and without man."

Audio Lingual Method Essays

Audio Lingual Method Essays Audio Lingual Method Essay Audio Lingual Method Essay 1 GGGV 2044 METHODS IN TEACHING ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE Semester 2 2009/2010 AUDIO-LINGUAL METHOD: A DISCUSSION (INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT) LECTURER: DR. HAMIDAH BT. YAMAT @ AHMAD LISA KWAN SU LI A123040 TESL/2 2 1. 1 INTRODUCTION The Audio-lingual Method (ALM), by its very name – â€Å"audio† and â€Å"lingual† – refers to a language teaching approach that focuses on two aspects of language, namely listening and speaking. Unlike its predecessor, the Grammar Translation Method, which focuses on reading and writing skills, this approach chooses to emphasize on the first two stages in the natural order of language learning (listening, speaking, reading followed by writing) with the belief that learners who are better speakers and listeners consequently make better readers and writers. The ALM has a firm foundation in the theories of both structural linguistics and behavioural psychology, and thus incorporates techniques and strategies that advocate the concepts and assumptions of language learning from both schools of thought. The structural linguistics view of language learning says that language is learned through awareness and specific attention to the patterns and structure of the language. One of the ALM’s main characteristics is its use of repetition and drills that draw learners’ attention to the patterns of the target language which are subsequently memorized and repeated to automaticity. Language learning from the view of behavioural psychology on the other hand, occurs by conditioning and habit formation of accurate responses to stimuli. The right response for a stimulus is modelled by the teacher beforehand and then drilled into the learners repeatedly until such responses become a â€Å"habit† that enables learners to successfully produce accurate responses without clues or prompting by the teacher. This discussion aims to further understand the Audio-lingual Method and explore the advantages and disadvantages of employing it in the second language classroom. The author als o puts out her recommendations for the use of the ALM in the second language classroom. 2. 1 HISTORY By the first half of the twentieth century, the Direct Method had lost its popularity in the U. S. However, it is believed that the decline of the Direct Method brought about the emergence of the ALM. As Brown (2001) puts it: â€Å" by the middle of the twentieth century, the Direct Method was revived and redirected into what was probably the most visible of all language teaching â€Å"revolutions† in the modern era, the Audio-lingual Method. † The U. S. educational institutions at the time still believed that a reading approach like the Grammar Translation Method was more practical than an oral one. Therefore the 1930s and 1940s saw the Grammar Translation Method going strong in all schools across the U. S. However, after World War II, the U. S. saw an urgent need for her to be orally proficient in the language of her allies as well as foes. This led to a drastic change in 4 the current view of language teaching from a mere reading approach to one with a heavier emphasis on aural and oral skills. Special intensive language programs were developed by the U. S. army which came to be known as the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP), or more simply, the Army Method. In the 1950s, the Army Method was renamed the Audiolingual Method. 3. 1 PRINCIPLES OF ALM Some of the main principles of language learning in the ALM are stated by Alkhuli 2005 (as cited by Abdel-Rahman Abu-Melhim in the International Forum of Teaching and Studies). One of these principles is that the second language learning process should be similar to that of first language acquisition. This complies with the natural order of language learning which is listening, speaking, reading and finally, writing. It is believed that the learner first learns to speak what he has listened to, then read what he has spoken, and write what he has read. Therefore, the ALM emphasizes on listening and speaking skills in order to facilitate the progress of reading and writing skills besides increasing communicative competency. Another principle is that the second language is best acquired by habit formation. A habit is created when an action is repeated and is subsequently produced 5 in response to certain stimuli almost without conscious activity. This is achieved via the repetitive pattern practices that are part and parcel of the ALM. Translation of the target language into the native language is considered harmful and will hinder acquisition of the second language. Such translations are believed to impede the mastery or control of the second language. When the target language is used in all circumstances in the classroom, learners learn to make direct connections between the vocabulary and its semantics in the target language itself, which is ideal for effective second language learning. However, these principles are merely assumptions. Counter-arguments include: second language learning is completely different from native language acquisition in many different aspects. In addition, the natural order of language learning that the ALM stresses on is irrelevant because the four language skills can be developed simultaneously rather than sequentially. The learning of a second language is not necessarily a process of habit formation where responses are elicited by stimuli, but also involves the cognitive. Finally, translation into the native language has proven a useful technique indeed in learning a second language, demonstrated in methods such as the Grammar Translation Method. 4. 1 MAIN FEATURES As aforementioned, the ALM follows the natural order of language learning. The use of repetitive drills is justified in shaping a new â€Å"habit† for learning the second 6 language. Stimuli-responses are expected and correct ones are immediately reinforced as conditioning, concurrent with the views of behavioural psychology. The native language also plays a minimal role in the ALM. Only the target language is used within the classroom by both teacher and learners. New material in the target language is also introduced in dialogue form, closest to a natural situational context for learners to gain communicative competence and skills. Modeling is done by the teacher whereby a particular structure of sentence is spoken and learners repeat the sentence, mimicking its sound patterns and intonation, and aiming for identicalness. Slips in learners’ pronunciation of words in the sentence are immediately corrected by the teacher to avoid formation of â€Å"bad habits†. Grammar rules are not taught explicitly but are expected to be induced by the learners through the various examples and patterns that are exposed to them during the lesson. Contrastive analyses are also done between the native language and the target language in order to draw learner’s attention to differences in pattern, structure and sound system of both languages. 5. 1 TECHNIQUES There are many techniques employed in the classroom that advocate the underlying principles (or assumptions) of the ALM, and are also based on the aforementioned two main schools of thought for the said method. 7 One of the main techniques used is of introducing new learning material in the form of a dialogue. A model conversation is analyzed, broken down and memorized through mimicry. Dialogues are seen as a natural conversational ontext that will aid learners in applying learned structures and vocabulary. Many drills are used in the ALM. The backward build-up drill (expansion drill) breaks down a difficult sentence into smaller parts. Usually the last phrase of the sentence is repeated by the learners and then parts are added on, or expanded, until learners are able to repeat the complete sentence without further trouble. Single-slot substitution drills require the learners to substitute in cues given by the teacher into a particular slot in the sentence. Multiple-slot substitution drills on the other hand, require a higher level of competence from the learners. Learners must recognize particular slots within the sentence to substitute the cues given by the teacher, occasionally having to alter subject-verb agreements as well. Other drills include the repetition drill, chain drill, transformation drill and question-and-answer drill. (Refer to Appendix A) 6. 1 ADVANTAGES As compared to an extreme method like the Grammar Translation Method, where reading and writing are so stressed on that speaking and listening skills are neglected, ALM does develop the aural/oral skills of learners. Learners through the ALM are able to participate in situational contexts competently. 8 In addition, learners are more aware of the phonetic aspects of the language. Through modeling and mimicry, learners pay more attention to proper pronunciation and intonation. Errors in pronunciation are immediately dealt with, while correct responses are positively reinforced. Learners are sensitive to the intonation and are aware of their different functions of questioning, requesting, pleading etc. Through substitution drills, learners also learn to recognize the borders between the phrases that make up the sentence. They are also exposed to a variety of different sentences that have similar structures through repetition drills as well. Transformational drills help learners familiarize with question tags and their corresponding answers, affirmative and negative sentences and even active and passive ones. Such a wide variety of sentence and question structures serve to enhance learners’ communicative ability. 7. 1 DISADVANTAGES Although the drills that are the ALM’s distinguishing feature may be considered one of its strengths, they are also its weakness. Such drills leave no room for creativity, causing learners to lose interest or feel bored in the classroom. When learners lose their motivation, it negatively affects their progress in second language learning. New vocabulary learned is also limited in context. Instead, the sound system and grammatical patterns are emphasized on more. Learners are taught set phrases in gruel repetition in response to certain questions, where the form and structure are 9 highlighted. Consequently, learners are only drilled to respond correctly with answers that are expected of them without caring much for its meaning. For example, the set phrase, â€Å"Fine, thank you,† is taught as a response to the question â€Å"How are you? † which learners use even when they feel otherwise. This phenomenon is comparable to robots that have no cognition and only give particular responses to particular stimuli! There is rarely any variation in learners’ responses other than the ones that have been taught. Therefore, interaction and dialogue is very schematic and unnatural. In short, communicative competence is still called to question. Learners of the ALM may be able to participate in conversations, but they are rarely spontaneous and it is observed to be rather a case of regurgitating the â€Å"right† responses in a certain situational context from memory. Should they not be able to recall the set phrases that have been learned, they are at a loss as to how to respond to the questions and conversational prompts of the other speaker. 8. 1 RECOMMENDATIONS From the discussion above, it is evident that although communicative competence is insufficient, the ALM drills provide learners with a multitude of structures and grammatical patterns that form the basic foundation for communication. The challenge is to help learners apply the knowledge they have gained to communicating effectively and in a natural manner. 10 However, this cannot be done if drills are continuously insisted upon in the classroom. A degree of flexibility is needed on the part of the teacher to allow spontaneous and natural conversation to take place after drilling them as well. Unguided dialogue practice forces the learners to apply what they have been drilled with into a communicative setting, taking into consideration the meaning of the phrases learnt with relevance to the given situation. Model conversations can still be provided, but spontaneous ones allow for creativity and variety in responding according to the individual learner. Communication becomes more natural. With regards to learner motivation, the responsibility is shouldered by both the teacher and the learners themselves. The teacher needs to, again, be flexible and allow for elements not necessarily ALM-like to be incorporated into the lesson, if only for the sake of breaking the monotone. Drills can still be employed of course, but in more interesting ways like role play and physical activities. In essence, the teacher should be creative in her strategies with the aim of increasing the communicative competency of the learners rather than teach by the book. Learners as well, play a major role in their own learning progress. They should maintain a high level of self-motivation by actively participating in tasks and activities and being attentive at all times. 9. 1 CONCLUSION The ALM definitely has its pros and cons in a second language classroom. However, the disadvantages and negative implications can be overcome if a slightly more eclectic approach to second language teaching is taken. Some teachers may stubbornly hold fast to the rules of the ALM and refuse to stray from it. In such a case, the 11 objective of second language teaching should be questioned. Is one’s loyalty to the method or to the goal of aiding learners in achieving communicative competence? If it is the latter, it does not matter what method is used in the classroom as long as ultimately, learners gain valuable communicative skills. As Celce-Murcia illustrates (as cited by Abdel-Rahman Abu-Melhim in the International Forum of Teaching and Studies): â€Å"Today, language students are considered successful if they can communicate effectively in their second or foreign language, whereas two decades ago the accuracy of the language produced would most likely be the major criterion contributing to the judgment of a student’s success or lack of success. † (1991, p. 125) One single method should never be used exclusively in the classroom because it shall always remain flawed. It is the teacher’s responsibility to determine her teaching goals and appropriate methods to be used; where an eclectic one might better achieve those goals. Therefore, the teacher of a second language must be prepared to modify and adjust her methods to suit the different learning needs of the learners. 12 APPENDIX A Here are examples of the different drills used in the Audio-lingual Method: Repetition drill Repetition drill is the normal drill, usually used to teach the lines of the dialogue. Students are required to repeat after the teacher’s model until they are almost identical. Chain drill The Chain drill uses maybe the first few lines of a simple dialogue. The teacher begins by addressing a student, or asking him a question. The student responds, then turns to the student beside him and asks him a similar question. The second student responds and the chain goes on until each student has participated. This allows for the teacher to check learner’s speech. Transformation drill The teacher may give learners a question, and the learners are then required to formulate an answer from the form of the question given, and vice versa. Or, an affirmative sentence is given and learners need to transform it into the negative. This can be used for teaching active and passive sentences, as well as direct and reported speech. Question-and-answer drill This drill allows for learners to practice answering questions accurately and rapidly. It can also be done the other way round, where the learners form the questions on cue. 13 REFERENCES Abdel-Rahman Abu-Melhim. 2009. Re-evaluating the Effectiveness of the Audiolingual Method in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. International Forum of Teaching and Studies 5(2): 1-9. Britto, Rory. 2009. The Dissipation of Methods in ESL: Expanding to Fill the Void. The Journal of Education p. 75-84. Brown, H. Douglas. 2001. Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy, p. 13-37. Second edition. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Larsen-Freeman, Diane. 2000. Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. Second edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Savignon, Sandra J. 2001. Communicative Language Teaching. Theory Into Practice 26(4): 235.

With reference to specific topics and issues, discuss whether the Essay

With reference to specific topics and issues, discuss whether the current spread of Western culture is a positive phenomenon or a threat to diverse cultures around the world - Essay Example The spread of Western influence maintains both negative and positive impacts on cultures, making it rather subjective as to whether this extension of Western values and beliefs poses a threat or an opportunity for foreign cultures. Not all cultures are founded on Western values. Western values, typically those of the United States, Canada and Great Britain, are founded on individualism, a set of values that place particular emphasis on securing the goals and needs of the individual rather than maintaining concern over group desires (Wagner 1995). Nowhere else are these values reflected than in American-style consumption patterns that often include opulence and excess as the individual attempts to justify their social class or social status using material goods as a tool for identity formation. The United Nations (2001) identifies that there is a growing concern that Western values being spread on the heels of globalisation is degrading cultural capital (unique tastes and values) and creating a type of social deprivation when Western culture is superimposed over other diverse cultures. How, though, could social deprivation be attributed to Western consumption behaviours? There are many collectivist cultures across the world that have been built through years of patriarchal values and respect for familial traditionalism. Collectivist cultures maintain a very strong belief in the integrity of group membership and often build their personal identities and goals on the sentiment and opinion of important social reference groups and family members (Cheung et al. 2008). Collectivist societies seek to provide protectionism for important familial figures where it is commonplace to preserve their security and well-being. In most instances, Western individualism defies the importance of building social trust when interacting with different cultures, wanting to gain instant self-gratification whilst collectivists emphasise the importance of

Internet and UK Tourism Industry Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Internet and UK Tourism Industry - Coursework Example It has been used for various transactions from information transfer to interpersonal communications. Businesses have greatly improved with the onset of internet usage. The utilization of internet has come to the point of it becoming a necessity rather a luxury. The popularity of the internet usage has made it a subject of various studies not only in the academe but including industries that nowadays depend on it. The properties, advantages as well as the disadvantages have been the focus of these studies. The introduction of internet as one of the modes of communication has made significant changes in the lifestyle on the people. It began in the 1980s as the Computer Revolution and now it became the Computer and Internet Revolution. During the computer revolution, the computer usage has increased rapidly and between 1985 and 1999, the usage of computers at work or at home increased from 30 percent to 70 percent as the increase in computer ownership rose from 15 percent to 60 percent (Kim, 2001). Consequently, these factors have made businesses change their strategies. They introduced e-commerce in which consumers can exchange goods and avail themselves of the services offered by companies thru the internet. E-commerce follows the same basic principles as traditional commerce that, buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods for money. But unlike traditional commerce in which the consumers go to a particular place to avail necessary products, they can visit the web sites of multiple vendors anytime, any day to compare prices and make purchases online. But this does not only benefit the consumers, the sellers as well can cut costs and expand their market. Because they sell over the internet, which can be accessed globally, they have the potential to market their products or services worldwide and are not limited by the physical location of a store. At the same time, internet technologies also permit sellers to track the interests and preferences of their customers with the customer's permission and then use this information to build an ongoing relationship with the customer by customizing products and services to meet the customer's needs. Nielsen (2005) wrote that there is an upward trend in global online shopping. Popular items purchased on the internet are books at 34%, videos and games at 22%, airline tickets and reservations at 21% and clothing and accessories at 20%. The study also showed that even one percent of the total population purchase using the net does not necessarily mean successful online sales but it is still important for retailers big and small to understand the factors that drive brand equity and site usage. It also shows that sites and brands with higher brand equity attract higher visitation and sales. But e-commerce has also its downside; some costumers are reluctant to buy products which need actual assessment such as furniture and appliances. Some also consider shopping a social experience; they may be going to a store with family or friends. Security and assurance of transactions are also some factors why some consumers are apprehensive to use the internet for purchases (Microsoft Encarta 200 7). According to a survey by HM Revenue and Customs, web users especially in the UK are using the internet to make their lives easier. The surveys shows that the top three uses of internet are researching

Charge of Assault Occasioning Actual Bodily Harm (ABH)

Charge of Assault Occasioning Actual Bodily Harm (ABH) This case requires us to consider whether Harry should be charged with assault occasioning actual bodily harm (ABH) in view of the guidance contained within the Code for Crown Prosecutors.  Ã‚   The Code lays down the principles which the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) apply when deciding whether to prosecute and any decision is taken in accordance with the Full Code Test (FCT) detailed in section 4. The first stage of the FCT is the Evidential Stage.   The CPS must be satisfied that there is sufficient evidence to provide a realistic prospect of conviction and will consider the admissibility and reliability of the evidence.   Here consideration is given to whether the evidence has been obtained in breach of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984, whether it may be excluded under sections 76 and/or 78 and whether it is admissible under Part 11 of Criminal Justice Act 2003.   There is nothing to suggest the evidence is inadmissible under these provisions. Next the reliability, credibility and weight of the evidence must be considered.   Harrys evidence does not give rise to any significant concerns in relation to reliability and/or credibility. He has no previous convictions, is generally well liked and has been provided a good reference by his tutor. Furthermore, the nightclub is described as crowded and while it is unclear whether this description relates to the nightclub in general or at the time of the incident, it lends credibility to Harrys assertion Rob was accidently jostled. Robs evidence is supported by three witness statements which suggests his evidence is also reliable and credible.   However, it would be prudent to consider the relationships between Harry, Chloe and Rob and the role, if any, these may have played in his reporting of the incident. In terms of Chloes evidence, it is not clear how far away from the incident she was or how she came to have an unobstructed view while another witness had his view obscured by other nightclub users. Additionally, while her identification evidence is given increased weight because Harry and Rob are known to her, it is possible her relationship with both men provides a motive for misrepresenting the incident, raising doubts as to the reliability of her evidence. Anitas identification evidence is problematic as her eyesight is poor and she was not wearing her glasses on the evening when the incident took place; raising serious concern about the reliability of her identification evidence. However, these concerns may be mitigated depending on how close she was to the incident, whether she knew Harry and Rob and if she was wearing contact lenses. Devs statement does not give rise to any significant concerns about reliability or credibility. However, it is unclear how Dev could positively identify both men and his statement may suggest the nightclub was crowded giving credence to Harrys assertion that Rob was accidently jostled. Considering the evidence collectively, the Evidential Stage does not appear to be met as it gives rise to reasonable doubt which lessens the prospect of conviction.   Harrys is likely to be considered a reliable witness and his explanation of the incident is plausible.   The witness statements are not sufficiently robust and while witnesses claim to have seen Harry push Rob they have not provide a clear link between Harry pushing Rob and Rob falling and injuring his hand.   Furthermore, it is not clear from the evidence whether the incident and/or witnesses perceptions were affected by their relationship to one another, lighting and/or the consumption of alcohol. The CPS can only move onto the Public Interest Stage of the FCT if the Evidential Stage is satisfied.   Despite the Evidential Stage not having been satisfied the Public Interest Stage will be applied and the importance of each factor contained within section 4.12 of the Code will be considered. ABH is a serious criminal offence. From the evidence, it appears the assault was neither premeditated nor sustained.   No weapon was used and there is no evidence to suggest the suspect intended to cause injury.  Ã‚   Furthermore, Harry has no prior convictions and is of previous good character; therefore, further offending is unlikely.  Ã‚   While the offence is considered serious these factors mitigate his culpability and weigh against prosecution. It does not appear that a position of trust or authority exists between Harry and Rob.   Neither does it appear the attack was discriminatory in nature.   However, it is not clear whether Rob is vulnerable and/or a public servant and does not provide an insight into the impact the assault and/or injuries had on him. In terms of harm caused, the definition of harm is quite wide but in the context of the offence can include injuries which are not especially serious such as minor cuts and scratches. Therefore, Rob suffered injuries which are serious in the context of the offence.   While the harm caused weighs in favour of prosecution it is difficult to consider whether this is appropriate under section s4.12(c) because the circumstance of Rob are unknown. Harry is a university student; therefore, it is reasonable to conclude he is over the age of eighteen.   His age is unlikely to be weighed against prosecution under section s4.12(d). In the absence of a Community Impact Statement it is difficult to assess the effect on the community under s4.12(e).  Ã‚   The assault was not violent or sustained and the suspect is unlikely to re-offend therefore the long-term effect can be assessed as minimal and prosecution may be perceived by the community as excessive.  Ã‚   Conversely, a decision not to prosecute may undermine the confidence of the community and victim in the criminal justice system. The maximum sentence for ABH is five years although in this case it is unlikely Harry will receive a prison sentence and a nominal penalty is expected to be imposed.   Furthermore, conviction may have serious implications for Harry depending on his area of study. Therefore, prosecution may be considered excessive under s4.12(f) given the cost of proceeding to court, the nominal penalty likely to be imposed, and the disproportionate long term effect on Harry. Had the case passed the Evidential Stage and proceeded to the Public Interest Stage more information should be sought on the circumstances of Rob and impact the offending had on the community.   On the face of it however, prosecution does not appear to be in the publics best interest. Applying the Code to the facts of this case the Evidential Stage is not sufficiently satisfied and Harry should not be charged with ABH. In his articles Stop and Search and Police Legitimacy: Part 1 and Stop and Search and Police Legitimacy: Part 2 Neil Parpworth makes a compelling argument for the inclusion of elements of the voluntary Best Use of Stop and Search (BUSS) scheme into statute.   Parpworth considers that while the BUSS scheme promised greater transparency, community involvement and improved stop and search outcomes, delivered by intelligence led approaches and increased monitoring, the report PEEL: Police legitimacy 2015 published by Her Majestys Inspectorate of Constabulary (HMIC) reveals that forces around the country are failing to comply with the scheme.   Parpworth reasons that membership of the voluntary scheme has not driven the desired change and the lack of compliance highlights the need for primary legislation. While intelligence led stop and search is an important police tool, Parpworth argues that the PEEL report reveals a concerning lack of commitment from Chief Constables in terms of ensuring the BUSS scheme is implemented effectively and search powers used legitimately.   Chief Constables play a pivotal role in terms of the internal scrutiny of stop and search yet their leadership in this area was found to be inconsistent.   While some forces had made efforts to ensure the scheme was communicated effectively and its importance recognised, others had made little attempt to communicate the scheme and promote its value.   Parpworth asserts this reluctance to advocate and communicate the importance of the scheme ultimately devalues it, reducing its prospects of success.   This he claims is demonstrated by the perception among officers that the stop and search function operates effectively without the need for additional canons and greater scrutiny. Under section 3 of the PACE 1984 officers are required to record each time they use their stop and search powers; this record should include grounds for the stop and search and show that those grounds were reasonable.   This provision, as Parpworth explains, is reinforced by the BUSS scheme which requires forces record outcomes and publish data about the connection between each search and outcome.   Parpworth argues that while these provisions aim to establish how frequently reasonable grounds were proven to be accurate, PEEL highlights that reasonable suspicion is frequently absent in many instances.   He suggests this indicates the concept of reasonable suspicion is interpreted widely by police officers in practice and that there are marked differences in interpretation between forces.   Moreover, Parpworth expresses concern over searches which were made on the basis that the police officer smelled cannabis. Parpworth suggests that while this is sufficient grounds to justif y a search it is subjective and may provide a convenient way of meeting the statutory requirement for reasonable suspicion, possibly lending itself to an abuse of the stop and search power.  Ã‚   Parpworth also expresses concern that in cases where reasonable suspicion was found to be absent supervisors had endorsed the records of their subordinates.   He suggests this indicates either a lack of understanding at senior level as to what constitutes reasonable suspicion or a failure to exercise due diligence.   Despite the BUSS requirement that the link between stop and outcome be recorded Parpworth interprets the lack of reasonable suspicion as evidence police forces are not monitoring the use of their powers effectively. Equally, while the BUSS scheme aimed to improve the stop to arrest ratio, Parpworth explains that the rates remain relatively low.   Despite HMIC holding the view arrest rates are a misleading measure of success Parpworth explains HMIC do acknowledge the low stop to arrest ratio suggests the power is being used ineffectively. While Parpworth acknowledges that since the scheme has been in place the disproportionate impact on black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) groups has decreased.   He goes on to explain that the PEEL report suggests some forces continue to exercise their powers of stop and search on stereotypical assumptions rather than intelligence or reasonable suspicion.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Parpworth explains that one of the principle reasons for the scheme is to encourage better relationships between the police and the racially diverse communities they serve.   Nevertheless, some police forces could not explain the reason why particular BAME groups had been stopped more often than others despite the provisions within the BUSS scheme.  Ã‚   Parpworth argues that this disproportionality damages the relationship between the police and community and undermines the legitimacy of the police.  Ã‚   Parpworth questions how, if forces are failing to monitor the impact of stop and search on BAME groups, po lice-community relations can improve. Parpworth concludes that despite all forces voluntarily signing up to the scheme when it was launched by the Government in 2014 only eleven forces were found to be fully compliant when assessed in 2015.   Furthermore, thirteen forces were found to be non-compliant with three or more of the five aspects of the scheme and were immediately suspended.   Parpworth suggests the scheme has failed to achieve its intended purpose and that converting elements of the voluntary scheme into statute will compel forces to observe key features of the scheme which should lead to better use of the stop and search power. The IRAC method helped me structure my answer by providing me with a comprehensive analysis framework.   I began by reviewing the facts so I could identify the issue e.g. whether the Evidential Stage had been met.   Then I considered what legal rules applied to the issues I had identified e.g. PACE 1984 and the Code of Crown Prosecutors.   Next I took the legal rules and applied them to the issues I had identified focusing on the facts relevant to the questions to reach the conclusion that the Evidential Stage had not been met.

Conflict Assessment of an Ongoing Sibling Rivalry Using the Wilmot-Hocker Conflict Essay

It’s very common for siblings to fight and it’s not uncommon for sibling to throw a punch or two, but what happens when the fighting becomes hate and aggression towards each other. This form of tension between brothers and sisters is called sibling rivalry. Sibling rivalry is a type of competition or animosity among brothers and sisters, blood-related or not. This type of competition or animosity can cause a rift in the sibling’s relationship with one another, which can result in a multitude of fight (sometimes physical) and many verbal altercations as well. Sibling rivalry can also cause various problems within a household, including favoritism, divorce, and a house that is emotionally divided. Stress within the parent’s lives and children’s lives can create more conflict and increase sibling rivalry. Eighty two percent of people in Western countries have at least one sibling, and siblings generally spend more time together during childhood than they do with parents. The sibling bond is often complicated and is influenced by factors such as parental treatment, birth order, personality, and people experiences outside the family. Sibling rivalry is not unique to Western culture and can involve aggression towards one another. Often, sibling rivalry starts before the second child is born and continues as the children mature and compete for everything from toys to attention. Each child in a family competes to define who they are as an individual and wants to show the world that they are separate from their siblings. Children may often feel they are getting unequal amounts of their parents’ attention, discipline, and responsiveness. Children tend to fight more in families where there is no understanding or boundary set that shows that fighting is not an acceptable way to resolve conflicts, and no alternative ways of handling such conflicting situations. In this conflict assessment we will assess the sibling rivalry of a brother and sister who have had an ongoing issue of animosity towards each other for over fifteen years. Using Wilmot-Hocker’s conflict assessment guide, we will be able to understand  each aspect of the conflict and possibly come to a common ground in which they (the siblings) will be able to get along in a more long-term manner. Through this conflict assessment the siblings will be able to explore the possible solutions to assist in resolving this issue in a sensible manner. The two subjects that will be assessed today are DeMarcus (33 years old) and Danett (25 years old). They are blood related siblings and share the same parents. They’ve been living in consistent animosity of each other for over fifteen years and they continue to fight (physically) and argue. Their parents are tired of this frequent quarrel between them, and the parents feel like the conflict is driving a wedge into their household. The two siblings, now that they are adults, can see the toll their quarrel has caused, within their relationships with others (personal and intimate) outside of their family and also within the frame of their intermediate family. Nature of the Conflict From prior questions asked to the subjects, there are a various number of triggering events that have cause this particular conflict. Numerous acts of belittlement, hatred, physical violence, neglect, bullying, abuse, and threats over the years have escalated this conflict out of control. DeMarcus states that the conflict began when Danett was born and he expressed his dyer need, want and concern for a younger brother. DeMarcus states that Danett has always been an over achiever that has always captured the attention, no matter if the attention was good or bad, of their parents. Danett’s personal concerns and issues became more alarming when she expressed her feelings on why her issue or animosity towards her brother was so strong: â€Å"When I was younger, I lived in the shadow of my older brother. Any activity that my brother was in, I wanted to participate in as well. I was basically the tag-a-long little sister, until I turned the age of ten, then things began to change a bit. One day DeMarcus and his best friend where playing a game and I was in another room. When my brother finished the game with his friend he left to go use the bathroom, leaving his friend unattended. His friend, at that time, got up and came into the room that I was in and began to fondle me. My brother came back to the room to see his friend was gone and decided to search around the house for him. When  DeMarcus came into the room I was screaming, â€Å"Stop! Stop it!† But instead of DeMarcus trying to get his so-called best friend off of me, he sat and watched as I fought to get away from his teenage friend.† â€Å"Later that night when our mother picked us up, I whispered to her that I needed to talk to her about something important and my mother told her that we would discuss it when they got home in private. As soon as we arrived home, I began to tell her mother what happened and immediately she called DeMarcus into the room to question him about the events that took place. DeMarcus stood in my mother’s face and called me a liar and said that it never happened. I was crushed and didn’t know if my mother believed me and I felt abandoned in a sense.† Danett continued to express her concerns of hurt, worthlessness, embarrassment and betrayal, and that her relationship with her brother became a downward spiral of abuse and deceit. When asking DeMarcus about the events that took place, he claimed that he had no recollection of this ever happening, but quickly interject with the comment, â€Å"If she was a boy then that wouldn’t have happened to her!† Danett explains that this is always DeMarcus’ negative attitude towards her, and that these comments always are the heated beginning of a fist fight between them. Argument is â€Å"reason giving† (Benoit 1992; Rowland and Barge 1991) one makes claims and backs them up (Keough 1992). DeMarcus, in order to maintain innocence from accusation, begins to belittle Danett in order to get his innocence across to whoever is listening. The arguer tries to get others to â€Å"recognize the rightness† of his or her beliefs or actions (Benoit 1983, 550). Interpersonal argumentation, then, has a place in our everyday conflicts and negotiations (Trapp 1981, 1989). Orientation to the Conflict The attitudes expressed in the conflict are ones of deceit, regret, close mindedness, unhappiness and a loss of self-esteem. In many ethnic household certain issues are swept under the rug and never discussed causing suppressed feelings and hidden issues. Danett explains: â€Å"I would try to discuss the issues I had with my mother. I felt that since she was once a young girl, like me, she would understand where I was coming from with my  concerns. My mother was very good at trying to make my problems go away through the acts of prayer and faith. My mother tried to make me a firm believer in the motto: Let go and let God. Which in translation means: Let your burdens go and let the Lord handle them; no need to stress. My family was very good about trying not to stress over things and trying to sweep problems under the rug or resolve an issue in a timely and quiet manner. Even though the issue was never discussed again, the emotional and mental scars were there and I felt like I could never trust my brother again and I could never come to anyone in my family with any of my problems. My biggest fear was that the acts of faith I was taking through my cultural and religious beliefs were going to make the situation worse and my fear came true.† A person is supposed to say what he or she means to resolve disagreements through the use of power (as in competition) or by working things out together (collaboration) (Wilson 1992). The problem is that when we are angry, we may exaggerate an offense, seek revenge, and then lead ourselves and others into unproductive and wasteful conflict (Planalp 1999). DeMarcus expressed: â€Å"Danett has always been an over achiever (in sports and academics) and has always captivated the attention of the family. I admit, I always wanted a brother and I say that every day because I don’t understand what others see in her that draws them to her. She makes me feel worthless to others in the family and I treat her how I feel. Thus is why I belittle her and allow things to happen to her because I feel she deserves the treatment I give her.† DeMarcus, aside for the feelings he bestowed above, made it clear that he wanted to make this situation better with his sister. â€Å"I love my sister, don’t get me wrong! At the time, I could understand why I wasn’t treated more like her. I felt unwanted and when I failed in certain areas, she would succeed. This is one of the main problems I have with her. Her ongoing success was acquired during birth and when I was unable to succeed, I started to resent her. When my plans of â€Å"trying to bring her down† didn’t work, I think that when I became more physical and wanted her to be in physical pain as well as emotional.† The noted interest to resolve this  issue between the siblings is very evident. They (the siblings) keep maintaining the fact that they not only want to resolve this issue, but they want to better their relationship with one another. Interest and Goals The role of each person has in the interaction with others is a form of identity goals, and how one wants to resolve the conflict is process goals. I believe that when you open the lines of communication with your colleagues or relatives, everyone is able to approach the problem respectively, than the parties involved will receive a positive outcome that will allow the parties to further their relationship. The main interest and goals of these two siblings, is to come to an understanding of one another’s feelings in order to function as a family and to decrease the rift between them. Both of the parties want to accomplish the same goal, in order to alleviate the consistent arguing. Danett and DeMarcus, though they are both adult and live in separate locations of the United States, believe that the alleviation of this conflict between them will bring them closer together and allow their parents a form of relief from the added stress this conflict has caused. Power According to (Kritek 1994;90) People using dominance (power or control) for their own needs do so out of fear or insecurity. The ability to control one’s environment, including the behavior of others is power. The siblings are exhibiting a balance of power between each other. Danett’s power over DeMarcus comes from her achievements and her existence on this earth, while DeMarcus’ power comes from his insults, his nonchalant attitude towards his family, and his inability to act like an older brother and allow others to take advantage of his sister mentally and sexually, when she was younger. Styles Hearing both sides of the situation and understanding the tactics used in each altercation of conflict, the styles exhibited in this conflict are varied. There are threats, which is a commonly used competitive tactic. We rush to use threats because we believe they are effective (Johnson and Ford  1996; Rubin, Pruitt, and Kim 1994). DeMarcus would threaten Danett and in return a fight would escalate, inflicting both a negative cast of physical and mental pain within one another. This act is also a form of verbal aggressiveness; which is a broader category of communication than threats. Rather than just telling someone what might happen to them, when you use verbal aggression you â€Å"attack the self concepts† of other people (Infante and Wigley 1986). These aggressive tactics overlap and become known as bullying. Bullying is â€Å"ongoing, persistent badgering, harassment and psychological terrorizing†¦ that demoralizes, dehumanizes and isolates those targeted† (Tracy, Lutgen-Sandvik, and Alberts 2004, 3; Lutgen-Sandvik, Tracy, and Alberts 2005). After the massive verbal assaults between the siblings, violence would soon occur between them. Violence is when conflict interactions move beyond threats and verbal aggressiveness, often involving a multitude of physical pain and or danger. These styles are very collective and evolve into one another. Assessment Given all the facts of the conflict, I feel that a third-party intervention should be available for mediation. Meditation is an act of resolving conflict positively between parties using a mediator or third party help. Mediation is defined as a process in which a third-party helps (mediator) to assist in resolving a dispute between two or more parties. A mediator’s role is to facilitate and assist with the communication efforts of the parties involved and to further their focus on tackling real issues and to help generate a positive or neutral outcome. Mediation in this situation will hopefully bring about a positive change with the attitudes of the siblings. Being able to voice opinions, emotions/ feelings to one another will bridge the gap of the sibling’s ongoing rift. Coming to a solution is the main focus of a mediator. The mediator is to create a positive yet productive discussion that will allow the parties to express their concerns amongst each other without criticizing either party’s opinion. Sometimes mediation is used to improve relationship amongst parties that have to consistently work with each other or be around each other. There are many ways to stop the growth of sibling rivalry. Many times it starts at birth with the parents. As a parent, being able to express equal amounts of affection to your children is needed to eliminate this future dilemma. Also being able to listen to a child’s issues and assist them in any form of conflict, weather in school or at home, will make their conflict resolution skills better. DeMarcus and Danett understand that this issue will not disappear after a few sessions with a mediator and are fully dedicated to resolve this problem. The conflict, which has been occurring for several years, has not only called for assistance from a mediator, but also a psychiatrist will be needed to assess the permanent mental damage it has caused throughout their lives. The parents should also be involved in these assessments to decrease the stress and tension amongst the entire family. The parents might be able to give further insight into why this bickering has been an ongoing process amongst the two siblings. Personal Intervention Being able to see and address an ongoing issue is a major step within the lives of these siblings. The fact that they understand that this issue has gone too far and has taken a major toll on their lives as individuals, is a break though that should be applauded. Forgiveness and reconciliation are just the first steps needed to carry the torch in this intervention. Forgiveness allows us to restore ourselves and through forgiveness DeMarcus and Danett can begin to bridge the gap that has been a gaping hole in their lives. Reconciliation will follow as they continue to progress in the resolution of their conflict. Reconciliation will restore them to one another as a result of time; the human desire to transcend injury; the courage to place violation, betrayal, deception, or some other wound in the larger context of additional experience; and perhaps the mysterious effect of what some may call â€Å"grace† will assist in the accomplishing of their goal to become civil towards one another. Attempted Solutions The parities have generated a wide variety of possible solutions. Further research methods and deep considerable thought into this form of conflict may be needed to further understand the deep rooted nature of this relationship between these two siblings. It is very important to develop and  explore as many options as possible when coming to a reasonable solution to a conflict of this magnitude. An approach to apology and reconciliation has been attempted many times but still the two siblings are back to square one in their conflict. Being able to make authentic apologizes through forgiveness is important in this particular conflict. Through apology, reconciliation can be accomplished in order for each party within this conflict to further a relationship with one another. Through mediation and other acts of mental therapy, these issues can be resolved, but it will take time, full cooperation, and commitment of the parties involved. References Benoit, P.J. 1983. Characteristics of arguing from a naive social actor’s perspective. In Argument in transition: Proceedings of the third summer conference on argumentation, edited by D. Zarefsky, M. O. Sillars, and J.Rhodes, 544-559. Annandale, VA: Speech Communication Association. Benoit, P.J. 1992. Introduction, special issue: Interpersonal argumentation. Argumentation and Advocacy 29: 39-40. Infante, D.A., and C. J. Wigley III. 1986. Verbal aggressiveness: An interpersonal model and measure. Communication Monographs 53: 61-69. Johnson, C., and Ford. 1996. Dependence power, legitimacy, and tactical choice. Social Psychology Quarterly 59, no. 2: 126-141. Keough, C.M. 1992. Bargaining arguments and argumentative bargainers. In Communication and negotiation, edited by L.L. Putnam and M.E. Roloff, 109-127. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Kritek, P. B. 1994. Negotiating at an uneven table: A practical approach to working with difference and diversity. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.  Lutgen-Sandvik, P., S. Tracy, and J. Alberts. 2005. Burned by bullying in the American workplace: A first time study of U.S. prevalence and delineation of bullying â€Å"degree.† Presented at the Western States Communication Convention, February, San Francisco, California. Planalp, S. 1999. Communicating emotion: Social, moral and cultural process. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rowland, R.C., and J.K. Barge. 1991. On interactional argument. Argumentation and Advocacy 28: 24-34. Rubin, J.Z.,  D.G. Pruitt, and S.H. Kim. 1994. Social conflict: Escalation, stalemate and settlement. 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Tracy, S.J., P. Lutgen-Sandvik, and J.K. Alberts. 2004. Is it really bad? Exploring the emotional pain of the workplace bullying through narratives, drawings and metaphors. Paper presented at the annual convention of the National Communication Association, Chicago, Illinois (November). Trapp, R. 1981. Special report on argumentation: Introduction. Western Journal of Speech Communication 45: 111-117. Trapp, R. 1989. Interpersonal argumentation: Conflict and reason-giving. Communication Reports 2: 105-109. Wilson, S. R. 1992. Face and framework in negotiation. In Communication and negotiation, edited by L.L. Putnam and M.E. Roloff, 176-205. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.