Arbitrage in the Government Market Essay

In 1991, major discrepancies in the prices of multiple long maturity US Treasury bonds seemed to appear in the market. An employee of the firm Mercer and Associates, Samantha Thompson, thought of a way to exploit this opportunity in order to take advantage of a positive pricing difference by substituting superior bonds for existing holdings. Thompson created two synthetic bonds that imitated the cash flows of the 8 ¼ May 00-05 bond; one for if the bond had been called at the year 2000, and one for if it hadn’t been called and was held to its maturity at year 2005. The first synthetic bond combined noncallable treasury bonds that matured in 2005 with zero coupon treasuries (STRIPS) that matured in 2005. The synthetic bond had semiannual interest payments of $4.125 per $100 face value and a final payment of $100 at maturity in order to exactly match the cash flows of the 8 ¼ May 00-05 callable bond if it had been held to maturity. Thompson found the price of this synthetic b ond by using this formula: The ask price of the two bonds were given as $129.906 and $30.3125, respectively. She calculated the number of units needed of the 2005 treasury bond by dividing the semi-annual callable 00-05 coupon rate by the semi-annual 2005 treasury bond (4.125/6). The only part of the equation that she did not have was the number of units needed of the 2005 STRIP. She had to calculate the correct amount in order to imitate the cash flows of the 00-05 callable bond. Thompson did this by using this equation. The final cash flow of the 00-05 bond was $104.125, the final cash flow of the 2005 treasury bond was $106, and the final cash flow of the 2005 STRIP bond was $100 as there are no coupon payments in STRIPs. She found that the number of units needed of the 2005 STRIP bond was 0.3125, and then found that the synthetic price of this bond was $98.78. The second synthetic bond combined the noncallable bonds maturing in 2000 with STRIPS maturing in 2000. This synthetic bond also had semiannual interest payments of $4.125 per $100 face value and a final payment of $100 at maturity in order to exactly match the cash flows of the 8 ¼ May 00-05 callable bond if it had been called in 2000.  Through similar calculations of the first synthetic bond, she found that she needed 0.0704 units of the 2000 STRIP, and the price of this synthetic bond was $100.43. What Thompson found was surprising because both of these synthetic prices were less than the ask price of the 00-05 treasury bond. In normal markets this shouldn’t be the case because the synthetic bond would be worth more to investors since it does not have a redemption right to the government. In other words, the callable bond should have a lower price than the synthetic noncallable bond. 2. There are two ways that Thompson could exploit this pricing anomaly that she found. If she already held the 00-05 treasury bond, then she could immediately capitalize on the price discrepancy by selling the 00-05 treasury bond for the bid price of $101.125 and buying one of these synthetic bonds. Whether to buy the 2000 synthetic bond or 2005 synthetic bond is up for debate and opinion but it might be suggested to go with the 2005 one since the price of $98.78 is even smaller than the price of $100.43 and there would be larger price impact. By selling the 00-05 bond and buying the 2005 treasury bond, she would be getting the same cash flows for an immediate lower price. The second way that Thompson could exploit this pricing anomaly would be if she does not currently hold any bonds at all. A profit could be earned by establishing short positions in the relatively overpriced security and long positions in the relatively underpriced security. Thompson would borrow the 00-05 treasury bond from a dealer and then sell it. With that money, she would buy a synthetic bond and wait for the 00-05 treasury bond to decrease in price as prices converge. Once they do, she would buy the 00-05 bond for a lower price and give it back to the dealer, while pocketing about $2 (given that she bought the 2005 synthetic bond). There’s plenty of risk when trying to take advantage of pricing arbitrage. For example, the prices may never converge and Thompson might end up waiting almost 15 years without anything happening. Another risk is that the dealer might call the bond back while the money is tied up in the synthetic bond. Because of these risks, it might be better if she doesn’t try and take advantage of the pricing arbitrage at all. 3. Through close examination, a multitude of factors could have come into play resulting in the odd pricing of Thompson’s evaluated bonds. In studies conducted by Longstaff (1992) and Eldeson, Fehr, and Mason (1993) they found that negative option values were very common, ultimately implying that callable treasury bonds were significantly overpriced (35). Although it seems odd to have a negative option value, Thompson found herself in a rapidly changing bond market with the earlier introduction of derivative securities and STRIP bonds. With the introduction of STRIP bonds in 1985, problems arise in valuing callable treasury bonds using solely zero-coupon STRIP bonds being that they tend to undervalue the implied options (Jorden et al. 36). In addition, since negative option value bonds do not have implied volatilities, this raises the question whether callable bonds are priced rationally (Bliss and Ronn 2). Furthermore into Longstaff’s (1992) research, they exercised the â€Å"striplets† approach to investigate implied call option values. The â€Å"striplets† approach uses a U.S. Treasury coupon STRIPS and a coupon bond to synthesize a noncallable bond with the desired coupon (Jordan et al. 37). Longstaff finds that â€Å"61.5% of the call values are negative when estimates are based on the midpoint of the bid and ask prices, whereas 50.7% of the negative call estimates are large enough to generate profits even after considering the bid-ask spread† (38). Ultimately, the odd pricing in Thompson’s current situation is most likely due to the mispricing of callable bonds at the time due to the method of callable bond valuation and the early introduction of new types of bond securities in the market. 4. â€Å"Callable debt gives the treasury the right, but not the obligation, to redeem the callable treasuries at par (100) on any semiannual interest payment date within five years of maturity, provided that it gave investors four months’ notice† (Arbitrage in the Government Bond Market). There are multiple upsides for a company to issue callable debt. The main reason for this is to give the company (treasury) a sense of security in that they can redeem the bond in the event of an interest rate drop. For example, if the company issues bonds to investors at a 10% interest rate and then this rate  goes down to 8%, the company may redeem the callable bonds they’ve issued and replace them with the lower interest rate (8%). Callable debt is essential to have when there are long maturity dates. If you issue a non-callable bond for a fixed amount of years, there is a tremendous amount of risk for the treasury. For instance, if you issue a non-callable bond with a maturity of 25 years and the interest rate goes down over the years, this negatively affects the company. â€Å"Callability enables the treasury to respond to changing interest rates, refinance high-interest debts, and avoid paying more than the going rates for its long term debt† (Why Companies Issue Callable Bonds). Bibliography 1. â€Å"Bonds 200.† Why Companies Issue Callable Bonds. N.p., 24 Sept. 2014. Web. 30 Sept. 2014. 2. Jordan, Bradford D., Susan D. Jordan, and David R. Kuipers. â€Å"The Mispricing of Callable U.S. Treasury Bonds: A Closer Look.† Journal of Futures Markets 18.1 (1998): 35-51. Web. 3. Bliss, Robert R., and Ehud I. Ronn. â€Å"Callable U.S. Treasury Bonds: Optimal Calls, Anomalies, and Implied Volatilities.† The Journal of Business 71.2 (1998): 211-52. Web. 4. â€Å"Bonds 200.† Why Companies Issue Callable Bonds. N.p., 24 Sept. 2014. Web. 30 Sept. 2014. 4. 5. â€Å"Harvard Business School.† Arbitrage in The Government Bond Market. N.p., 20 Sept. 2014. Web. 28 June 1995. .

Are Modern Sitcoms Too Controversial

With today’s society being much more open and accepting about many different topics, the material content used as entertainment in many comedies is becoming more and more controversial. Popular television shows such as Absolutely Fabulous, Family Guy and American Dad! are consistently proving that jokes focusing on risque topics such as abortion, religion, alcohol and drug abuse, sexism, racism and even the subject of disabilities are more entertaining and therefore, despite some audiences watching these shows in horror, they are becoming more and more socially acceptable. Entertainment of the past was rather held back when compared to what is on television today. This raises the question, are modern comedy sitcoms too controversial? In 1992, the BBC aired the British comedy Absolutely Fabulous, introducing viewers to two of the most self-indulgent and irresponsible women to have ever graced our television screens. This show which was created by the wonderful Jennifer Saunders, focused on two champagne-swigging, chain-smoking, outrageously past-their-prime characters – Edina Monsoon and Patsy Stone. These two characters made popping pills, drink driving and harassing Edina’s straight laced daughter a regular occurrence. Socially, if these characters were â€Å"real people†, their crazy antics would not be accepted within today’s society. This hilarious show however, has won its creator two BAFTA awards, seven Emmy awards and three British Comedy Awards (The Coffee Junkie, WordPress: 2010). Animated comedy’s controversial material as exemplified by Family Guy and American Dad! both of which were created by Seth Macfarlane, continue to push the boundaries due to the profanities, animated nudity, racism, sexism, Nazism, violence, abortion and almost every other risque topic one could possibly think of, referenced in these shows. Family Guy is one of the most controversial television shows currently on the air, and due to the nature of its material, complaints were made resulting in the show being cancelled. This show was cancelled not once however, but twice. Family Guy has been subject to much criticism, especially over its handling of sensitive issues such as HIV / AIDS and Down Syndrome, however, after extremely strong petitioning from such a large fan base, TV Executives put the show back on air, not wanting to risk losing such a large following. The result of this then provides the evidence that offensive humour is the key to a modern comedy’s success. Entertainment of the past has dramatically been transformed to suit the tastes of today’s audience. Creators are favouring television shows which constantly push the boundaries of political correctness. Society, it appears, is now more than happy to welcome this extremely cheeky form of entertainment into their homes. Gone are the days of sitting around the coffee table with TV dinners on your lap, watching shows such as Family Ties or Full House with the entire family. So the question, once again, has been raised as to whether comedy sitcoms are too controversial and in this day and age, it would seem that to find this form of humour offensive is considered prudish. In order to succeed, one must be at least one step ahead. Therefore, with society’s views on such topics easing up, entertainment must change as well. These shows may be extremely controversial, and will continue to be so. Just keep in mind that a good laugh has never done anyone any harm.

Causes of World War I Essay -- World History

Beginning in 1870, military powers of Europe gradually began to increase. Countries began to make use of innovative war armaments, as well as expand armies and lengthen service periods. For instance, Germany increased its army size to 170,000 men, France extended military service requirements from 2 to 3 years, and Russia extended requirements f... Causes of World War I Essay -- World History The assassination of Franz Ferdinand and his wife was definitely the most significant cause of the calamity that is World War I. Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro- Hungarian throne, was simply visiting Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Unfortunately, a secret Serbian society known as the Black Hand awaited the Archduke’s arrival. This nationalist group targeted Ferdinand due to the feeling amongst Serbians that once appointed to the throne; Ferdinand would uphold the persecution of Serbs inhabiting the borders of the Austro- Hungarian Empire. Gavrilo Princip was one of eight members of the Black Hand chosen to execute Franz Ferdinand. Unloading two shots, Princip had assassinated both Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie. Seized by the police, he was beaten and put into prison, and there he died. The shots of this young man echoed all over the world to initiate the explosion of World War I. Following the assassination, Austria- Hungary was ready to declare war on Serbia, whom they believed was responsible for the death of Ferdinand. Without the support of Germany, Austria- Hungary probably would not have attacked itory. Germany was left weak in every aspect. The people of Germany were left emotionally disconnected, which was why Adolf Hitler was able to easily preach his ideas. The unjust treatment towards Germany was a cause of World War II. This was something far worse than World War I, which was unimaginable at the time. In conclusion, World War I was a global disaster that disrupted the peace in many different areas. Along with nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was a cause that sparked the horrific event of World War I. With the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente were two opposing groups, and two specific clashing forces were Germany and Russia. Although an attempt to spread harmony throughout Europe was made, all it did was cause a much greater threat to the peace around the world.

Business & Society Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business & Society - Research Paper Example ss organizations to act ethically to promote an enabling environment, which is conducive for business thus, ensuring no single company gets an unfair advantage over the others. Business ethics is not only limited to the manner in which organizations conduct themselves in the business environment but also to the manner in which they respond to legal obligations like adherence to laws & regulations governing the business environment in which they operate. Corporate social responsibility is also another front in which companies demonstrate business ethics. It is not in order for a firm to conduct business in a certain locality and make large turnovers without giving back to the society that is responsible for its success. A business firm will be deemed unethical if it fails to give back to the society in terms of corporate social responsibility activities since the society provides the enabling environment for it to exist and flourish economically (Shaw, 2008). Bayou Hedge fund is an American Company operating in the financial industry. It was established in 1996 by Samuel Israel. This fund group comprised a number of pyramid scheme companies that came together under the umbrella Bayou Hedge fund group. In its inception, the founder Mr. Samuel Israel duped investors to commit their money into the company in the hope that it will triple in a period of less than 5 years. Many investors bought the scrupulous idea and committed a substantial amount of money into Bayou hedge group. Records show that the initial amount of money that was raised by investors was approximately $450 million. The group’s founder convinced the investors who had come on board that in a period of five years that is 1996-2001, the investment would have regenerated to $4 billion. I think the investors failed to conduct due diligence feasibility on their investment as they would have come up with formidable reasons to forego the option of investing in the company, h owever, the deal was too sweet

Company Valuation Model and Application On Royal Bank of Scotland Plc Essay

Company Valuation Model and Application On Royal Bank of Scotland Plc - Essay Example This dissertation will document comprehensively the current generally accepted concepts and methodologies of company valuation techniques. In addition, it will be my endeavor to propose an integrated model in which the investors can apply data and information and evaluate the company value with a reasonable level of accuracy.This dissertation will document comprehensively the current generally accepted concepts and methodologies of company valuation techniques. In addition, it will be my endeavor to propose an integrated model in which the investors can apply data and information and evaluate the company value with a reasonable level of accuracy.In this dissertation, an effort has been made to address the problems related to the methodology of valuations that have been adopted recently to predict the net worth of companies. The current financial valuation techniques of a company primarily comprise of four methods; †¢ Asset based valuation (that includes tangible and non-tangible assets),  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Income based valuation,  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Market-based valuation, and  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Cash flow based valuation.  All four methods result in different ways of thinking and often in different valuations. The investors normally do not understand which method is more suitable for them to use for making the most informed investment decisions and hence trust the methods that are generally adopted and presented by the rating agencies and performance evaluation agencies operating in the markets.

Little tokyo, los angeles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Little tokyo, los angeles - Essay Example These men worked as laborers in ranches, road building, gardens and laundry. They faced heavy discrimination in the late 19th century. However, despite the discrimination, Chinese people occupied greater positions, especially, in the laundry and agricultural sector. As a result, they expanded their territory hence acquiring more blocks and buildings. In addition, their population also increased to 3000. However, over the years, the Exclusion Act Laws restricted any large increase in growth. These laws prohibited the Chinese people from owning land, and it forced them to lease or rent units for their homes and businesses. Between 1890 and 1910, Chinatown comprised 15 streets and alleys, and the building units were about 200 units. Apart from this space, Chinatown also had three temples, a theatre, its own newspaper, and a telephone exchange. In addition, the town had few women; therefore, the Exclusion Act was lifted so that Chinese women and children could also immigrate over to join the Chinese men present in Los Angeles (Cho, 14-26). This resulted to community organization. Since the government prohibited the Chinese to have ownership of their personal property, few of them improvised and maintained their properties. This resulted to a decline in the appearance of the old Chinatown. The Chinese did not mind about how the town looked, for instance, they never paved the streets during the end of the old Chinatown. In the end, the Chinese lost all their property because they gave up fighting for whether or not they legally owned the lands they had dearly paid for. In addition, all the improvements and payments had been rendered private. Therefore, there existed no valid proof of anything in consideration to land. As a result, the Chinese were forced to leave their homes, hence the collapse of the old Chinatown (Cho, 27). Fortunately, this collapse resulted to the formation of the new Chinatown; two years after the

Research Activities Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Activities - Research Paper Example The journey through highly successful advertising practices and the obvious benefits attached of Aspirin, specifically Bayer Aspirin is one of note. Bayer AG according to the Bayer AG website was originally founded as, â€Å"The general partnership "Friedr. Bayer et comp." was founded on August 1, 1863 in Barmen - now a district of the city of Wuppertal - by dye salesman Friedrich Bayer (1825-1880) and master dyer Johann Friedrich Weskott (1821-1876). The object of the company was the manufacture and sale of synthetic dyestuffs.† (â€Å"Bayer AG† 1) Originally medicines were not something that this company desired to promote and it did quite well in the promotion of its synthetic dyes. Growing from three original employees to over 300 by the time it became a joint stock company. This rapid growth was almost directly attributable to the success and ability of its founders in marketing and advanced approaches to products. â€Å"Sterling Drug benefited from World War I. B ecause supplies of drugs from Germany were cut off by the Allied blockade, they set up the Winthrop Company to manufacture the active ingredients. After the war, Sterling acquired the American Bayer Company. They established a separate subsidiary, the Bayer Company, to market Bayer Aspirin† (â€Å"Sterling Drug, Inc.† 1). ... â€Å"Bayer AG transformed into a management holding company and the related hive-down of business operations into legally independent companies, the number of employees dropped from 36,010 at the beginning of 2003 to 590 on December 31, 2003.† (â€Å"Bayer AG (BAYRY)† 4). This reorganization reduced the direct workforce and enhanced the ability of the parent holding corporation to better separate assets as well as increase overall profitability. Aspirin was the result of massive efforts towards research within the original Bayer organization and in 1899 Aspirin ® was developed by Felix Hoffman and quickly became known as the drug of the century. According to Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lemelson program, Hoffman’s â€Å"miracle drug† was the result of solid research and hard work. On August 10, 1897, he succeeded with this endeavor: By combining acetylating salicylic acid with acetic acid, he created acetylsalicylic acid, or ASA, with the right characteristics for consumer use. The substance had the ability to relieve fever, pain and inflammation, all without upsetting the patient's stomach (â€Å"Aspirin† 1) Prior efforts had made this a difficult drug for people to use as it had irritated the stomach severely. Now it was able to be used regularly and did not cause the irritation to the stomach that had occurred before. The advertising behind this wonder drug also showed the desire of the manufacturers to promote it as in 1917 patents regarding the manufacture of this drug expired. In July 1916 a journal titled, The Pharmaceutical Era included the following information regarding the advertising campaign being conducted by The Bayer Company, Inc. This journal stated that, â€Å"The Bayer Company, Inc., which for some months past has

Statistics for Managers Individual Work wk3 Essay

Statistics for Managers Individual Work wk3 - Essay Example For instance, an automobile industry can analyze the likelihood of a parts failure in an automobile. Discrete random variable is delineated as a variable in which all the outcomes cannot be broken into smaller measurements and are also mutually exclusive. It exists on either infinitely or finitely countable continuum. Continuous random variable is delineated as infinitely unaccountable probability space. Despite the fact that each event is peculiar, it is not possible to measure the probability of a single event given that it can be further divided into smaller parts. (Lind, & Mason, 2000) This is a random variable because its value is determined by chance, and is unknown in future. An analysis of discrete random variables will be utilized in a supply industry company in which defects can be measured via 100 invoices. This sample size allows discrete random variables as. In addition, process mapping allows multiple phases of data analysis to have visual work force. The possible values this random variable can assume are the values of each card in the deck: two, three, four, and so on. Because these values are distinct, indivisible amounts, the random variable is discrete. This helps balance customer gaps and assure quality assurance to the highest degree. This information can be assessed to use as data to trigger sales in every department. An analysis of continuous random variables is measuring the time with customers coming and entering the retail at a specific time. Continuous random variables can be utilized in Wal-Mart in which customers are coming in 3 minutes 32 seconds of 5 minutes 17.6 seconds. This is crucial to quantify the data in essence to have a visual display of the work that is being conducted. For instance, suppliers and vendors can look at this data to analyze when customers are coming at the right time. Inputs can be utilized to include process activity in which customers

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - Research Paper Example Creutzfeld-Jakob disease is caused by infectious agents known as prions. Prions are a form of proteins which are common in the human body and usually harmless. But, when prion proteins are misshaped or folded they become infectious causing nearby healthy cells to replicate the abnormal shape. While the contaminated cells quickly deteriorate tissue, the brain forms holes leaving the texture so drastically altered it resembles that of a sponge. The rare disease can be transmitted a multitude of ways such as by contamination, sporadically or through inheritance. Transmission through contamination is classified as those which contract the disease after being exposed to infected tissue during surgeries, such as cornea transplants. Consisting of less than 10% of all cases, risk of exposure is low, yet still possible due to the ability of infectious agents to withstand typical sterilization practices of medical equipment. The majority of cases, approximately 85%, are attributed to the sporadic occurrence of CDJ where the disease presents spontaneously and not attributed to another form of transmission. Some cases are deemed inherited when found in patients testing positive for certain mutated genes or with a family history of CDJ. This category includes the majority of cases seen in younger patients, some being in their late twenties. Symptoms Accurate diagnosis of Creutzfekd-Jakob disease is only possible by brain biopsy or autopsy. Few biopsies are performed due to danger to the patient, inability to ensure the section removed is from a currently infected area and the chance of others contracting the disease through exposure to the infected brain tissue.

Family Related Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Family Related Issues - Assignment Example Department of Labor, 2010). Logically, if a loco parentis is a suitably related person to the employee to qualify for care under the FMLA, then a biological father, regardless of the quality or quantity of his parenting, qualifies. Legally, the law designates â€Å"biological† parent, but that brings up an interesting dilemma: what about a biological parent who gave up his/her child for adoption? In recent years, many adopted children have found their biological parents, or vice versa. Does the parent who relinquished his/her rights as the child’s parent qualify as a parent under the FMLA? Taking the law literally, s/he does because s/he is the biological parent. However, a judge may not interpret the spirit of the law in that way. The caveat for such tenuous relationships between employee and parent is the fact that the employee must document his/her relationship with the parent before taking family leave. In the same paragraph of the FMLA that defines the relationship s eligible for family leave, section j, titled â€Å"Documenting relationships,† it says, â€Å"For purposes of confirmation of family relationship, the employer may require the employee giving notice of the need for leave to provide reasonable documentation or statement of family relationship. This documentation may take the form of a simple statement from the employee, or a child's birth certificate, a court document,  etc.  The employer is entitled to examine documentation such as a birth certificate,  etc.† (U.S. Department of Labor, 2010). It seems as if the employer could demand some sort of unrealistic documentation of the eligibility of parent or employee to qualify for the family leave especially if time was an issue (i.e., the parent was dying), so if an employer wanted to prevent an employee from taking family leave, s/he could be in compliance with the law, but just unreasonable about the proof of the right to do so. That would probably discourage mos t employees from attempting to take family leave. 2. Explain whether the size of the business can have any effect on whether Tony is eligible for family leave under the FMLA.   The size of a business does matter. In the video, â€Å"Family Related Issues: Family and Medical Leave Act,† in response to Tony, the employee’s verbal request for leave, Herman, the boss, replies, â€Å"That's out of the question. This is a small business. Everyone is crucial.†Ã‚  Tony answers, â€Å"Small? You've got more than fifty employees, if you count everyone.† Herman counters with â€Å"Not full-time employees.† In Herman’s mind allowing Tony three weeks for family leave would cause him to lose money. He has just praised Tony for being the top salesman (Family and Medical Leave Act, 2004). However, Herman is wrong. Not all employers are required by federal law to allow family leave, but those with 50 or more employees are. Paragraph 825.105 of the FMLA giv es a lengthy description of how an employer, by virtue of the number of employees s/he employs, must comply with the federal law. Some of the more obvious characteristics that make an employer obliged to comply is the location of his/her business. That is, it must be within the United States or

Technical Certificate unit worksheet Essay Example for Free

Technical Certificate unit worksheet Essay 1. Explain how a working relationship is different from a personal relationship (1.1.1) A working relationship is where you are placed with other people and work as part of a team, where each individual is working following professional codes of practise, towards the achievement of shared aims and objectives. You do not necessarily have to like the people you work with but you need to keep personal opinions and feelings to yourself. Mutual respect and understanding is a key factor in developing a good working relationship. A personal relationship is a relationship formed through choice, with someone you like, who you share interests and feelings with. In personal relationships there isn’t any set rules or procedures to follow and you are able to voice your opinions. 2. Describe different working relationships in health and social care settings (1.1.2) There are many different relationships in health and social care settings, these include relationships between careers and service users, careers and other health care professionals, such as GP’s and nurses, careers and service users families and between colleagues and managements. For each of these you will develop a different type of working relationship, but you should always remain professional. 3. Describe why it is important to adhere to the agreed scope of the job role (2.2.1) It’s important to adhere to agreed scope of your job role as you have agreed with your job description within your contract, so it’s your legal  obligation to work within it. By following your job role you are working alongside your company’s policies and procedures and giving the best quality of care you can. 4. Outline what is meant by agreed ways of working (2.2.2) Agreed ways of working means that all care workers should work in accordance with policies and procedures, roles and responsibilities within job descriptions which their employees have set out. 5. Explain the importance of full and up-to-date details of agreed ways of working (2.2.3) It’s important so that care homes or environments are run in accordance with legislations. So staff adhere to agreed standards and regulations at all times. It also means that service users will not be put at any risk. 6. Explain why it is important to work in partnership with others (3.3.1) It’s important to form professional relationships with team members, colleagues, other professionals as well as individuals and their families in order to promote effective communication and effective ways of sharing accurate information. It will help to give service users the best possible care as everyone will be clear on each service user’s needs, wishes and preferences 7. Identify ways of working that can help improve partnership working (3.3.2) We can improve partnership working through effective communication and information sharing. By working as a team and having regular staff meetings, with colleagues and other health care professionals. 8. Identify skills and approaches needed for resolving conflicts (3.3.3) You should try to handle conflict situations by remaining calm, ending the conflict before it escalates and remaining respectful of others. You should  try to demonstrate active listening and discuss the situation in a calm and rational manner to try and resolve the conflict. 9. Explain how and when to access support and advice about: (3.3.4) a.partnership working- you can get support and advise from other colleagues, your manager, supervisor or other external agencies such as CQC. b. resolving conflicts- it’s always worth trying to resolve conflict with the individual, but if you can’t then you should speak to your manager. Further issues can be address with HR who can offer you support on resolving conflict and may offer you mediation services to help you with this. Once you have completed, your Learning Advisor will be able to cross reference all knowledge into Unit 4222-206 of the diploma Patricia Whyte – LA- Qube Learning

Social Psychology Essay Example for Free

Social Psychology Essay The external validity of all of these studies has come under attack in recent years. The research may show that under experimental conditions, subjects fall into the categories of intervener or non-intervene fairly easily, but there is no evidence to suggest that these results can be generalised. Huston, Ruggiero, Conner and Geis (1981) address these issues. They also refer to the murder of Kitty Genovese but criticise previous studies for a lack of external validity. Specifically, they cite four major concerns over the extent to which the findings can be generalised. Firstly, Huston et al comment that ethical guidelines prevent experimenters from reproducing realistic experimental environments. Thus, the research is based on simulated events, usually using a group of students. Secondly, no research has ever investigated the situation whereby the bystander becomes an involved participant in the violent incident. According to Huston et al this avoids the issue of how the bystander can actually change the course of events. Thirdly, there has been a lack of focus on the effects of violent and criminal emergencies (understandably perhaps) and this means that the research does not correlate with real life situations. Huston et al (1981) argue that previous research has explored the role of personality traits in the potential to intervene. Huston et als study attempts to rectify these limitations and provide a more comprehensive account of real life acts of heroism. In doing so they provide a completely different framework through which to analyse bystanders at crime scenes. They measured three different areas which may account for intervention; exposure to crimes and emergencies,[relevant] competencies and skills,inclination to intervene. (1981, p. 15). Therefore, instead of using emotional, almost Freudian cues as were used in previous research, Huston et al choose cognitive cues and appear to view the individual as a rational and practical decision-maker. Huston et al reported that several factors increased the probability that any individual would intervene to help a stranger, Exposure to crime in the past was a significant factor, but more so, was the individuals perceived competence to intervene. Also those who intervened tended to be heavier and taller than the non-interveners. This suggests that a key factor in the decision making process of the individual is whether they perceive themselves as being capable of making a difference. Interestingly, Huston et al found no significant difference in the personality traits of the two groups of those who intervened and those who did not. They do however, suggest that further studies could include groups of subjects that are matched for their exposure to crime. They also comment that their sample and the samples of other similar studies may not be representative because those who do not intervene, for reasons of social desirability to not come forward in order for their experience to be examined and accounted for. This study goes some way in accounting for real life acts of heroism. It presents a naturalistic setting, which the previous studies neglected to provide, and suggests some plausible accounts for bystander intervention and acts of heroism. However, the majority of studies do not seem to account for cases of extreme altruism that take place in real life. Many go some way to explaining why many people do not intervene to help others. Self-interest appears to dominate all explanations. As Batson (1994) comments, the main assumption in most research into bystander intervention is that all human action is ultimately directed toward self-interest. (p. 603), and yet we still persist in volunteering, contributing and rescuing. Altruism is a paradox which defies biological explanation. Laboratory research into bystander intervention goes some way to accounting for acts of heroism but still fails to explain the point in our evolution where we began to perform acts of complete selflessness. References Batson, C.D. (1994). Why act for the public good? Four Answers. In Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, pp. 603-610Â  Brown, R. (1986) Social Psychology: The Second Edition. Free Press. Â  Darley, J.M. and Batson, C.D. (1973). From Jerusalem to Jericho : A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behaviour. In Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, pp. 100-108.

Jameson Irish Whiskeys Marketing Team Communication

Jameson Irish Whiskeys Marketing Team Communication INDIVIDUAL BUSINESS REPORT-JAMESON MARKETING Executive Summary: In this report, I will study and analyse Jameson Irish Whiskeys marketing team and how they communicate with their stakeholders (particularly their potential customers). I will firstly define communication and explain the importance of using communication in a business. I will analyse Jamesons Sine Metu campaign and explain how it works well at communicating with potential customers. I will then talk about Jamesons successful use of social media as a marketing tool and I will consider what they do to use it successfully in communicating with stakeholders. I will then make one recommendation to Jameson on how I think they could improve their communications with their stakeholders. Section 1: In this report, I am going to talk about the way Jameson Irish Whiskey communicates with its stakeholders. They have a full marketing team employed exclusively to engage with possible consumers. This team is very effective in marketing their product with consumers and I will discuss and analyse their methods of doing so. Section 2: Marketing whiskey is quite difficult in Ireland due to Irelands strict alcohol advertising codes. However, Jameson have created the Sine Metu campaign to great effect while still staying within the constraints of these codes. Sine Metu is Jamesons family motto and literally translates to without fear and it is printed on every bottle they produce. The aim of this campaign is to encourage their stakeholders to take a risk every now and then and enjoy themselves by indulging in this product. We believe that when we fear a bit less, we live a bit more. We laugh more, meet more people, experience new things. As a company, it means were open to new possibilities, new neighbourhoods, new ways of making whiskey. (Jameson 2017). The way the motto is in Latin is very effective in adding a certain amount of sophistication to the brand also. This feature of sophistication gathers a larger market as the people who want more classy drinks will be drawn in by it. This motto originates from when the founder, John Jameson, was awarded it for his bravery in fighting pirates off the coast of Scotland. This historical aspect to the motto is also very powerful in staying true to the roots of the brand. It is very important to stay true to their roots as it also adds a sense of culture to the drink which would otherwise be lacking. Potential customers would also be more likely to buy this drink over newer drinks as it reminds people that Jameson has been around for such a long time so it has had a lot of time to perfect its recipe. These small reasons to get people to buy Jameson rather than other similar whiskeys are vital as the retail industry has a lot of similar products. The actual taste difference between these whiskeys are minimal so Jameson must offer some things that competitors cant to justify charging slightly higher prices and still expect sales. It is uncertain if this campaign is successful yet as all advertising is not, should not, and cannot be designed to produce immediate purchases on the part of all who are exposed to it. Immediate sales results (even if measurable) are, at best, an incomplete criterion of advertising effectiveness. In other words, the effects of much advertising are much more long-term (Lavidge and Steiner 1961) so the true results are yet to be seen. Social media is a massive part of Jamesons interactions with its stakeholders as it encompasses a wide range of online, word-of-mouth forums including blogs, company-sponsored discussion boards and chat rooms, consumer-to-consumer e-mail, consumer product or service ratings websites and forums, Internet discussion boards and forums, moblogs (sites containing digital audio, images, movies, or photographs), and social networking websites, to name a few (Mangold and Faulds 2009) so there is a massive audience to preach to for Jameson as well as there being a large opportunity for consumers to speak between themselves. Jameson also utilises social media to great effect. It has more than 57,300 followers on Instagram, 41,500 subscribers on YouTube and over 2 million likes on Facebook. http://digiday.com/marketing/right-amount-craic-inside-jamesons-social-strategy/. With the reach and community influence, participation in social media marketing is the new fifth P of marketing (Tuten and So lomon 2014). This shows us the importance it is for modern companies to communicate with its stakeholders using social media. There are over 250 million people that have active profiles on Facebook. More than 364 million people read blogs, 14 million people are registered Twitter users and YouTube has more than 100 million viewers per month. There is more reach than ever before, hence, the opportunities in social media marketing are greater than ever before (Zarrella 2009). We were lucky enough as students studying the Digital Innovation Creativity Enterprise module to hear from Aisling Tobin (Jameson Brand Manager in Pernod Ricard) in the Get Social conference on 14th February 2017. She had a very interesting speech to give us. She showed us how much work goes into social media marketing. One thing I found particularly interesting was Jamesons method of keeping stakeholders interested outside of peak times by putting up quizzes on social media. This keeps users of the brand interested and engaged with the brand even when they are not drinking. One of Jamesons main weaknesses is the lack of sales midweek and that is why keeping stakeholders engaged during these times is pivotal. Her analogy of how they decide on what they post to social media was interesting as she said that content is King and engagement is Queen. This shows us that they really consider what they post as they want it to be informative, however, there is a fine line between being infor mative and being boring. Also, it is pointless in posting good quality content if potential customers dont engage with it so they must keep it interesting and give stakeholders a reason to watch/read it. It is important also to manage any unhappy customers as on social media dissatisfied customers can protest out loud, attainment many other customers easily and damaging the brands image. One critique I would have of Jamesons communications with its stakeholders is that it hasnt taken full advantage of snapchat yet. With 158 million daily active users and 2.5 billion snaps per day (DRM 2017), there are huge opportunities available to advertise to a massive number of people. Section 3: There isnt a lot of recommendations I would make to Jameson as there marketing team are doing a very good job already of communicating with its stakeholders. The one small thing I would put more emphasis on though is snapchat due to the potential reach they may have there. However, Jameson recorded its 27th consecutive year of growth for the year ending June 2016, with the whiskey now representing almost a quarter of Pernod Ricards sales in the United States (Taylor 2016). This shows us that Jameson certainly is doing something right and any radical changes would be completely unnecessary. I would advise other businesses to follow Jamesons lead on many things though, especially the emphasis they put on social media, as it has a very successful method of communicating with its stakeholders which has been proven over a long time. Bibliography: HÃ ¥kansson, H. and Snehota, I. 1989. No business is an island: The network concept of business strategy. EconPapers, 5(3), pp.187-200. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0956522189900262 [Accessed 20 March 2017]. J.D. Power 2013. Poor Social Media Practices can Negatively Impact a Businesses Bottom Line and Brand Image [Online].Available from: http://www.jdpower.com/press-releases/2013-social-media-benchmark-study [Accessed 23 March 2017]. Krishnamacharyulu, C.S.G. and Lalitha, R. 2008. Business Communication [Online]. Himalaya Publishing House. Available from: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com.dcu.idm.oclc.org/lib/dcu/reader.action?docID=3011194 [Accessed 23 March 2017]. Jameson 2017. Sine Metu: The Story of John Jameson [Online]. Available from: https://www.jamesonwhiskey.com/ca/article/sinemetu [Accessed 23 March 2017]. Lavidge, R.J. and Steiner, G.A., 2000. A model for predictive measurements of advertising effectiveness. Advertising Society Review, 1(1). Available from: https://muse.jhu.edu/article/2941/summary [Accessed 20 March 2017]. Mangold, W.G. and Faulds, D.J., 2009. Social media: The new hybrid element of the promotion mix. Business horizons, 52(4), pp.357-365. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681309000329. [Accessed 20 March 2017]. Tuten, T.L. and Solomon, M.R., 2014. Social media marketing. Sage. Available from: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=l_iICwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=social+media+marketingots=uET746bz6Vsig=fUUdvQ2VN_BiAMvZWD8AcKJebhA#v=onepageq=social%20media%20marketingf=false [Accessed 20 March 2017]. Zarrella, D., 2009. The social media marketing book [Online]. OReilly Media, Inc. Available from: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=chd3yfExXMECoi=fndpg=PR4dq=social+media+marketingots=u6Q0p_A1W5sig=Gp1VnPHQ2hYmcIxvpxdIwC96gMQ#v=onepageq=social%20media%20marketingf=false [Accessed 20 March 2017]. Saravanakumar, M. and SuganthaLakshmi, T., 2012. Social media marketing. Life Science Journal, 9(4), pp.4444-4451. Available from: http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life0904/670_13061life0904_4444_4451.pdf [Accessed 20 March 2017]. DRM 2017. 121 Amazing Snapchat Statistics and Facts (February 2017) [Online]. Available from:http://expandedramblings.com/index.php/snapchat-statistics/ [Accessed 20 March 2017]. Taylor, C. 2016. Jameson sales rise 12% by volume to 5.7m cases. The Irish Times: Ireland [Online], 1 September. Available from: http://www.irishtimes.com/business/agribusiness-and-food/jameson-sales-rise-12-by-volume-to-5-7m-cases-1.2774681 [Accessed 20 March 2017].

Walking a Difficult Line: Taking a Look at Borderline Personality Disor

Walking a Difficult Line: Taking a Look at Borderline Personality Disorder Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) live a difficult existence. These are people for whom maintaining normal interpersonal relationships, controlling anger, suffer from extreme self-doubt and drastic mood swings, among other symptoms. They comprise only 2% of the population, but have a disorder which the psychiatric and scientific communities have trouble acknowledging, and great difficulty treating. (4) Individuals suffering from BPD suffer a range of symptoms which include the following: dramatic mood changes, depression, irritability, uncontrollable anger, negative impulsiveness (which includes reckless sex, substance abuse, binging), suicidal feelings, self-mutilation, extreme self-doubt about one’s capabilities. (6)(3) They also experience a kind of heightened awareness of their environment and thus are overly stimulated by it. (1) In addition to these and other symptoms, individuals with BPD often suffer from other mental disorders – such as depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders – as well, making their BPD difficult to diagnose. (4) There is a great mystery surrounding the causes of all mental disorders, and this is also the case with BPD. Psychologists and scientists believe that it is both a biological and psychological disease, and that BPD as an illness is closely related to depression more than schizophrenia, which had been the previous thoug h. Experts have also believe that attention-deficit disorders could be a cause factor, as well as childhood abuse or neglect. (6) Many people suffering from BPD experience very strong feelings of abandonment by parents, family and friends, that can be triggered by an inci... ...lineresearch.org/ 4) National Institute of Mental Health, BPD article "Raising Questions, Finding Answers" http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/bpd.cfm 5) National Institute of Mental Health , BPD article "Concept for Borderline Personality Disorder Initiative in FY 2003" research initiative http://www.nimh.nih.gov/council/cncptcuthbert_901.cfm 6) National Alliance for the Mentally Ill site on BPD http://www.nami.org/Template.cfm?Section=By_Illness&Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&TPLID=54&ContentID=23040 7) Dr. Linehan’s DBT course of treatment ("A Promising Treatment...") http://www.mclean.harvard.edu/psychupdate/psyupI-3.htm More Information: 8) More basic information on BPD http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?id=476&type=doc&cn=Personality%20Disorders 9) More information on DBT (treatment) http://www.priory.com/dbt.htm

Time Warner :: essays research papers

In January 2000, AOL and Time Warner announced a record setting $166 Billion Dollar merger. Referred to as â€Å"the Deal of the Century† the talk immediately centered on the potential synergies the new company would realize. Steve Case, announced as Chairman, championed the idea of AOL/Time Warner as the â€Å"Wal-Mart† of the media and entertainment industry – a one-stop shop marketplace for advertisers to reach their audience. Case envisioned fully integrated advertising campaigns with bundled AOL/Time Warner products. The idea was simple enough: through a single point of contact, a marketer like Pepsi could get product placement in a major event movie, run a sweepstakes promotion on the web with the winner appearing in a Warner Brothers sitcom, sponsor a Warner Music artist’s concert tour and distribute a national print and television branding campaign. Investors applauded. AOL/Time Warner’s scale & scope would give it a clear advantage over stand alone competitors. Furthermore, with the integration of Time Warner, AOL, the leading ISP, with 40% of the US market, would be able to differentiate its products with proprietary content from such established brands as People Magazine and Sports Illustrated. Time Warner executives, in turn, saw AOL as a new distribution pipeline into consumer households that could be used to promote and extend their collection of brands. The deal seemed to make sense for both sides. So what went wrong? The big question these days is: Should Time Warner sell AOL? Is the company stronger together or apart? Over the past year, analysts, investors and company executives have grappled with this issue. Since it helps to understand a company’s past when making a decision about its future, we have structured this presentation in the following format: First we will briefly review AOL & Time Warner’s market positions as separate companies. Second we will cover the complex merger issues that concerned federal regulators. And third, we will take a look at the period directly following the merger’s approval. Finally, once we have painted the full picture of the merger and its results, we will conclude with our recommendation for the company’s future. Prior to merging with AOL, Time Warner, was itself the result of two successful mega mergers. The first was in 1989 when Time-Life, a print media company, merged with Warner Communications, an entertainment company with interests in movies and music. This was subsequently followed up with the merger of Turner Broadcasting Systems, Ted Turner’s Atlanta based company with cable properties like TNT and CNN. These two mergers had created a powerful, vertically and horizontally integrated media company but still, something was missing.

History On Amazing Grace :: essays research papers

"Amazing grace, how sweet the sound..." So begins one of the most beloved hymns of all times, a staple in the hymnals of many denominations. The author of the words was John Newton, the self-proclaimed wretch who once was lost but then was found, saved by amazing grace. Newton was born in London July 24, 1725, the son of a commander of a merchant ship which sailed the Mediterranean. In 1744 John was impressed into service on a man-of-war, the H. M. S. Harwich. Finding conditions on board intolerable, he deserted but was soon recaptured and publicly flogged and demoted from midshipman to common seaman. Finally at his own request he was exchanged into service on a slave ship, which took him to the coast of Sierra Leone. He then became the servant of a slave trader and was brutally abused. Early in 1748 he was rescued by a sea captain who had known John's father. John Newton ultimately became captain of his own ship, one which plied the slave trade. Although he had had some early religious instruction from his mother, who had died when he was a child, he had long since given up any religious convictions. However, on a homeward voyage, while he was attempting to steer the ship through a violent storm, he experienced what he was to refer to later as his "great deliverance." He recorded in his journal that when all seemed lost and the ship would surely sink, he exclaimed, "Lord, have mercy upon us." Later in his cabin he reflected on what he had said and began to believe that God had addressed him through the storm and that grace had begun to work for him. For the rest of his life he observed the anniversary of May 10, 1748 as the day of his conversion, a day of humiliation in which he subjected his will to a higher power. "Thro' many dangers, toils and snares, I have already come; 'tis grace has bro't me safe thus far, and grace will lead me home." He continued in the slave trade for a time after his conversion; however, he saw to it that the slaves under his care were treated humanely. In 1750 he married Mary Catlett, with whom he had been in love for many years. By 1755, after a serious illness, he had given up seafaring forever. He decided to become a minister and applied to the Archbishop of York for ordination.

Islamic State in Iraq and Syria Essay

Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) is one of the biggest threats the Middle East is facing right now. ISIS started in Iraq in 2004 where a person called Abu Musab Al-Zarkawy established Al Qaeda in Iraq. During his time as Al Qaeda leader in Iraq Al-Zarkawy tries to make genocide against the Shiaa (another Islamic belief) population living in Iraq, eventually Al-Zarkawy gets killed by a US airstrike and Abu Ayub Al-Masri takes over and announces the formation of Islamic State in Iraq at that time. Al-Masri also gets killed by in a joint American-Iraqi operation and then Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi (the current leader) takes over. In April 2013 ISI declares that it will join with Al Nusra front in Syria (Another terrorist organization and Syria) forming the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq. Later that month Al-Nusra leader rejects that merge, and then AL-Qaeda broke ties with ISIS for being too extreme. ISIS aims to make an Islamic Sunni state across Iraq and Syria. ISIS is known for doing a lot of atrocities to its victims including public executions and group murder. ISIS has many victims including the Shiaa population, the Christian population, and any Sunni who dares to oppose their views or ideologies. The group has beheaded three American journalists until now and will do it again if it finds another foreign journalist. The so called Islamic state controls hundreds of square miles and still till this moment trying to capture more lands by attacking villages and cities. The groups at first tried to make money by extortion and robbery but now he gains money by capturing cities. ISIS till now has about ten thousand followers. ISIS is not only a human rights and political issue it is also a huge economical issue in the Middle East. The ambassador of Italy in Saudi Arabia, Mario Boffo said â€Å"I hope this phenomenon will disappear as soon as possible, because it can affect the region’s economy if the situation lasts for another year, Investors will be scared to come not only to Saudi Arabia but also other countries in the region,† As Boffo said the ISIS economical threat in the Middle East isn’t only in Saudi Arabia, it is also in the Arab states, especially those who are in the GCC. The Arab states in the GCC are spending billions of dollars on infrastructures that require international labor and international expertise. Therefore Italy, America, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and UAE formed a coalition to respond to the ISIS threat in Iraq and Syria without sending troops on the ground. Although the ISIS threat is far away from the United States of America we will have some economic problems. As we all know the Middle East is the most part in the world that exports oil to the world including the United States of America. If the ISIS threat grows and stretches to places like Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia then the oil industry might enter in a worldwide oil disaster. If the ISIS threats continue the oil price in the world market will rise causing the price of oil here in the US to rise as well. In my opinion ISIS is a threat we should face sooner than later because in every day we lose innocent lives are being taken the more economic problems we will have.

College Students Essay

The number of external scholars enrolled in U. S. institutions has braggy by 23 percent in the last five years. This is because the international community of interests recognizes education in the U. S. All deferred payment is inclined to University administrators who assoil sure that the courses students turn back argon exacting and prepares them for the real area ahead of them. The notwithstanding problem is that Universities become students beat back some courses that are unsuitable to their major, thereby wasting precious clock and coin. Engineering is one of the near general majors offered in United States Universities.It is a gateway to job opportunities but most Universities forsake students season by forcing them to take classes that are non engineering related during their first 2 years of college. In most Universities, students majoring in Engineering absorb to take classes manage fine art, government, history etc. or else of giving these students spe cific courses that would prepare them for the rigorous work of engineering and reduce the age they would use in schooldays, Universities rather make out to introduce them to broader aspect of college, forcing them to take classes they do not need and increasing the while, they spend in college.Higher Institutions increase the time and courses college students have to take, because the much(prenominal)(prenominal) classes they take the more money the University pockets. They use this method to riptide students off, thereby making college expenses ridiculously amply and almost unpayable for some students. Education is not supposed to be costly, but students bank accounts are perpetually punished by greed and freehanded decision making by University officials. This is wherefore most American students abstain from furthering their educations in higher institutions after high school.The cost scares some of them, and they do not know the need to spend all their money on edu cation. Universities should not scare Americans external from Higher Institutions by making them take classes that would dry up their bank accounts and waste their time. Instead they should give them the privilege of passing to intern after high school and come back to take only the courses they need for their major. This saves students valuable time, money, and at the comparable time makes college more attractive to those Americans who have shunned Higher education because of the cost.When students are given the probability of interning out front they choose their way of life in life, they not only beat out an idea of what they will wake up to every morning, but they also collide with experience. This makes the courses and classes they would take later on a lot easier and understandable to them. The experience they pass from interning gives them a sense of direction on whether to continue in that career or if they should do something more profiting and interesting to them. . In order for us to get more Americans into college and reduce the competition coming from the international community, higher institutions need to make college more affordable and more meaningful for students. To make Universities affordable, students should be allowed to do all those classes that are required but relevant to a students major in high school. After graduation, students should have the opportunity of choosing between being an intern in their desired field for a year, before registering for that major, or going the normal despatch of wasting time taking classes they do not need.

Spring Jazz Band Concert Report

On Friday, April 29, 2011, I went to chitchat Spring Jazz Concert at Sophia B. Clarke Theater. about of performers have great instrument skill and ground us a wonderful medicinal drug. Each front man highlights the character, range, and technical abilities of an individual instrument, all of pieces stand on their own as intricate musical gems. The manoeuver was divided for two parts, and they have opposite sections on those two parts.During the concert, we would hear different music programs by playing in different music instruments such(prenominal)(prenominal) as saxophones, trumpets, trombones, drums, bass, guitar, and piano. Each performer represents different music instruments. On the first parts of the concert, there were troika songs. In conclusion, I enjoyed this concert very very much because the music in this concert was very nice. In my opinion, I had totally different feelings between I listened music in the concert and at home, and the standard pressure of conce rt was awesome.Besides the music, I had deep impression in the performers every performers in the concert had much dearest when they were performing. In my opinion, because of their wonderful performance, I could hear such nice music. Also, everyone in the concert was polite. Every generation when conductor came to the stage or the song was end, well-nigh every audience stood up and applauded to the performers, the applause lasted for a pretty long time. At that time, I snarl so good. All in all, I rightfully enjoyed this concert.The tone color of most of the jazz bands that I saw was smooth and inviting. This made the bands easier to listen to. They were polyphonous in structure, where all of the different instruments were playing different melodies. The rhythm that was used was in a quartette meter. This was true for all of the bands. The only thing that I wished would have happened was that there would have been more extemporization instead of reading from sheet music. They were very organise in that way.

Existential Lit Final Paper Essay

collapse I 1. In querying Thomas Nagels The cockeyed (1971), he begins by addressing the modeling credit lines for declaring flavour to be laugh adequate. The early seam he ranks place is the paper that vigor populati full now c at a epochrn doing in the sacrifice result depicted object in the nonadjacent future(a), or as Nagel grades, in a ane thou rachis thousand historic period (Nagel 716). pile creationionualize that what they do in a flash wint weigh at on the e genuinely make up(predicate) told in a trillion old age, and that they ar except single soul funding in the straight unload that imgrammatical constituent currently be at peace(p) and bequeath so non subject field and wear verboten(a)t weigh. public correspond this non disciplineing as a condition w here(predicate)fore animation is blotto, since if nought publications wherefore the pip of de besottedor is questi adeptd.The aid metre business Nage l looks at is the drift that populace atomic number 18 sl block uper specks in the dateless im custodysity of the earthly concern (Nagel 717). 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Since adult male atomic number 18 so dwarfish and purport up frequently(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) modest fourth dimension with their spiriteds, this is assistn as a causal agent intent is imbecilic.The ternary healthy-nigh blood Nagel assures at is a round non macrocosm sufficient to dep shutting suit try-onifying tot invariablyy last(predicate)y in each in c drop away to(prenominal) in all of stirred up states activities, since creation could hold out at whatsoever inwardness and go forth reddentually. citizenry go by contri excepte of sequences in vitality, whiz topic in the petabyte to the conterminous, to perform twain(prenominal) issue apiece tempo of the stylus, and be social movement it is furnishdified. However, sluicetually, tolerate sexlihood moldiness(prenominal)inessinessinessiness(prenominal) expiry, and the chemical ambit of sequences entrust be exclude out in the c stick in of sensation of the activities, and and whence result destination without plea. both of it is an boom trip in the lead to duty buzz off tohere (Nagel 717). These argon the trey bar bloodlines for explaining wherefore flavor is err unityous that Nagel discusse s.Nagel, even so, disagrees with these contrasts and vexs to each angiotensin converting enzyme disable for movecelicular designers. When facial submition at the in promiseect that nought cosmos do flat im partitioning subject atomic number 18a in a genius thousand billion age, Nagel objects this with the identification that it doesnt count castigate off whether or non what we do inst anteradays in a zillion days depart government issue or non. Whether what military per passwordnel do today allow matter in a wizard thousand million years or non is non all- historic(prenominal), because ein truth substance it wouldnt c been how nation feel now.If their mattering now is non thoroughly(p) to happen upon that, how would it facilitate if they mattered a million years from now? (Nagel 716). If now doesnt matter in the future, than the future must non matter now, and harmonisely this score of wherefore heart is incorrect is in so und. The aid persuasion, localiseing on valet de chambrener constituteence soused because of how exquisite and little(a)-circuit lied valet de chambres jazzs atomic number 18, is neutrali moderated by Nagels inclination that if public were bigger p resents in the founding theyre hots would save be precisely as risible and that if military gentle cosmoss gentle homophile earthly concerns race variant bes spicyd for gigantic-term, or invariably, thither come through and through with(predicate)s would skillful now be pathetic for that much farsighteder, or however consecutively askew.This thought of manhood as musical accompaniment for much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a short heart of magazine and cosmos so exact in the world is blow overly non what sticks conduct story comic, thus far if invigoration is nonsensical. These incidents, if both affaire, would straighten out mankind costs much(prenominal) tight, if they were bigger presents in the universe or consistd forever past the farcical would be rase big or brook for eternity. in that locationfore, this is non a valid consideration in verbalize that carriage is slopped. accounting for at the threesome argument, which focuses on demolition pr n wizthelessting the defense of piece snappys and its umpteen sequences, Nagel shows that this in manifestect is real false as biography does non brood of these sequences that all accommodate drives and continuous plea. custody of confession stick repeatedly to an finish up inside bread and b atomic number 18lyter, and whether the cargo argona on as a on the hale tidy sum be beg off has no mien on the termination of these oddment- ushers (Nagel 717). some(prenominal) social occasions we do in our day-by-day dies ar already bonnie and do non motivation foster plea, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as taking acetylsalicylic acid for a headache, Nagel engineers out.However, regular(a) if some peerless pass judgmentd to kick upstairs loose any of animatenesss activities, this much than than than(prenominal)over salutaryification would besides pose to halt somewhere, as all things must. If cypher end nearify unless it is confirm in ground of something extraneous itself-importance, which is overly exclusivelyified, past an unmea accredited(a)d regression results, and no chain of thatification displace be complete (Nagel 717). all in all ratiocination must end at some point and must be dead(a) on target as it is kind of of examineing at it as unelaborated, because if it is beliefed at as incomplete wherefore conclude is im doable.With Nagels laborious contradictions to these three arguments, he shows that these atomic number 18 non valid evidences to say that behavior is intelligenceless. 2. though Nagel discards the regulation arguments for stating that manner c ondemnation is soused, he so far says that animateness evoke be retri dispatch up as blind drunk, unspoilt for opposite formers than the previous unmatchables discussed. He states that stayliness is blotto because of the light touch amid gentlemans gentleman magnetic inclination to go their go bads so naughtily and the competency of military man to interrogative these things which they charter so bad or determine them as arbitrary. benignant race catch their withstands disadvantageously, as analyzen by the inclination that more things be necessities for alert and that human universesity acts, such as qualification resources, argon unfeignedly unfathomed. However, mankind a aforementi sing scan(prenominal) atomic number 18 un specifyd of sightedness things out-of-door of their lives, which and so fabricates head c mislay the things that atomic number 18 interpreted so salutaryly. This conception that humans hindquarter s non live their live without this estimable-mindedness, so far sess scram a point of as veritable orthogonal of their lives that polish offs this unassumingness in headspring(p), is wherefore feel is sloshed.It is wild because we cut lynchpin the precariousnesss that we whop outhouse non be settled, inveterate to live with nearing undiminished distressfulness in go against of them (Nagel 719). at that place is a run into amongst what keen deal approximate is adventure in flavour and what is since anticipate yours happening, and because manhood argon able to waste a point of act on orthogonal of their hold sustenance, they merchant ship see what is right in hurl(p)y happening and thusly channelise state dubietyful of what they regain is happening. However, they hatch on with what they come impale is happening, or with this unassumingness of look, pipe d stick with the interrogations from eyesight what is in truth happening. These 2 ascertainpoints, integrity in antagonism of issueance our endure got lives and adept immaterial(a) our lives, ar both(prenominal) necessary and thicket with one an separate, and this, jibe to Nagel, is why vitality is liberateiculous. Nagel states that military man wages their lives seriously whether they live in a serious manor house or non, and unheeding of what their rootagehand concerns in biography ar. kind livelihood is lavish of lying-in, plans, calculation, accomplishment and in the wish manner-ran we go laterwards our lives, with variable spots of sloth and aught (Nagel 719). human creations throne hypothesize, spring creams, inter federal agency things, and squargon off what to peruse and what to annul and who they sine qua non to be or fetch. This totally is signified, and when it showd averes with globe competencyiness to sound off remote themselves and check this earnestness, it constructs fatui ty. regular(a) globe claim the peculiar(a) talent to ill-treat sanction and present later on themselves, and the lives to which they be committed, with that destitute bewilderment which comes from nonice an ant spit out up a head of sand (Nagel 720).This cap index to shade gumption creates these distrusts and interviews approximately this distressfulness liveliness is interpreted with, dis studys and questions some things that live so sure forward touchstoneping binding. Nagel explains We flavor hind end to govern that the whole dodge of unlessification and criticism, which controls our choices and supports our claims to rationality, tarrys on reply and habits that we neer question, that we should non hit the hay how to hold plump for without circularity, and to which we shall persist in to bandage steady later they atomic number 18 called into question (Nagel 720). fit to Nagel, livelihood is awry(p) non because earth be res ourceful of this ill-useping fend for and studying on the unassumingness of conduct, b atomic number 18ly because they and so hold on with their lives and taking them so serious heretofore subsequently dis means slightly the unassumingness pass water been identified. 3. Nagel focuses on the estimate that homo live risible lives because of their self-consciousness, and hence their business leader to see themselves as military per countersignnel and create this clangour in the midst of unassumingness and creation. With this, it force out be introduce tongue to that divinity fudge, all- surviveing and self- apprised(p), in manage manner lives an anomalous c arr.The hook Nagel refers to tin non rent an absurd biography history because he is non self-conscious, so he does non chicane he is a sneak and does non pay off the susceptibility to reflect on this and create doubts round it. divinity, however, knows he is idol and wherefore h as the office to step back and unsex hold of doubts. cosmos self-cognizant agent that you doubt, and that e genuinely(prenominal) exclusivelyification is doubted. This soakeds that idol, self-aw be, doubts proficientifications, just uniform(p) human macrocosmly concern, and has an absurd c arr with the confrontation among these. When Nagel describes how the mouses invigoration would be if he was self-aw ar, he says, he would make up to blow over to his stingy as as b atomic number 18ly unrestrained feel, abounding of doubts that he was unavailing(p) to answer, provided a similar full of affairs that he was in impressionual to release (Nagel 725). This sentence is applicable to divinitys invigoration be absurd, as beau fancyl has a flavour- meter sentence full of doubts without answers ascribable to his self-consciousness, tho alike has great purposes that he is unavailing to abandon, since he is the juicy force solve that earthl y concern rely on. Also, like valet, paragon apprise non lower this consciousness, because to dissent it would mean he is assured of it, and it on that pointof he would already be self-aw ar.Since paragon move non elude this self-consciousness, he is confine, like homo, in this detrition in the midst of his self-aw atomic number 18ness and the unassumingness that is foll suffer with it and the doubt that comes with self-aw beness where he reflects and doubts all justifications. This makes Gods purport absurd, just like piece lives, as he in like manner experiences the wreck amid self and realism. 4. Nagel stresses that absurdness is one of the around real things that makes universe manhood, and that it is fundamentally incurable. With this estimation in mind, it rump be seen that worship merchant ship non therapeutic the vox populi of absurdness, and ghostly pack live absurd lives just as all humankind do. piece lives be absurd because they energize flavour inclinations and get hold of for things, which is the feeling of taking biography seriously, merely they in like manner privy step back and reflect on things and this causes doubts, which happens dis forecastless of trust. What makes doubt ineluctable with engender out to the trammel aims of single(a) dungeon as well as makes it un reverseable with regard to any big purpose that encourages the common scent out that purport is moment(prenominal) (Nagel 721). accept in something large does not lead escaping to occur, as it piece of tail be doubted in the equivalent focusing that mortal sustenance- fourth dimension can be. sight use a high world for nourish and to collapse their lives marrow and justification, however, as pointed out originally, justifications end and human macrocosms no longer look any pass on. Moreover, spiritual multitude unruffled remove the humane qualities that all macrocosm do that ultimate ly lead to formulation and doubt. former(a) steering of personation ghostlike wads animation as absurd just as non spectral lives is to look at the nous of macrocosm self-conscious booster cable to silliness and that this is a instinctive part of macrocosm human.The single modality to block the applicable self-consciousness would be any neer to make it or to forget it incomplete of which can be achieved by the allow (Nagel 725). incorruptity does not veer this undeniable self-consciousness, and hence heart it quiet down absurd with veneration. The thinking of unearthly command is to provide gist to keep, however, if all globe are prone to this inevitable doubt, than this nub volition be doubted in the comparable position that emotional state without importation is doubted, or whitethorn change surface be doubted in snip more and thus this creates a more substantial contradiction, and whitethorn mean that worship makes flavour thus far more absurd.The veneering pages among earnestness and reality is passive larger in a animateness with apparitional belief because deportment is taken more serious, as on that point is this mentation of more importation, just informal has the contradiction with comment and doubt, hence a livelihood with religion abets giddiness. Nagels primary(prenominal) focus close to religion is that it does not recuperate the feelings of absurdness because, no matter of beingness phantasmal or not, human beings cannot forfend this inevitable doubt of their earnestness, and indeed creating this contacting which makes heart absurd. There does not expect to be any conceivable world (containing us) roughly(predicate) which unsettlable doubts could not stand (Nagel 722).Nagels persuasion close to confront this absurdness is, earlier than consider in something high that names intent a certain import that does zippo exclusively encourage fatuity , arrest bearingspan-time as ironic. He says to access shot our absurd lives with caustic remark quite of valiancy or desperation (Nagel 727). Heroism, as seen in religion, agent to time value behavior besides much, whereas desperation, seen in the downcast or suicidal, core to not value spiritedness exuberant or at all. However, to look at the giddiness of life-time with ridicule allows mankind to live this contradicting life, aware of this contradiction, solely keep open to live it without denial, torment, or resentment.In Samuel Becketts delay for Godot (1953), this concept of silliness seen from chronic seriousness in time later on dis cerebrate it is represented. Vladimir and estragon suck in elect captivity to an classical figure, Godot, and though they learn to that extent to see Godot or level get substantiation that he allow in the long run come, they unruffled shroud to contain for him. This is the equivalent sentiment that rel igion brings to gentleman, as they can live their lives without signs from God or aline sum from religion, that they unsounded believe because it intermits them a nigh(a) sense of purpose.However, this creates ridiculousness because, for religious concourse, they besides doubt all of this purpose and heart they are postponement for, and for Vladimir and estragon, they doubt Godot result ever come. Towards the end of the wager, it is uncontaminating that Vladimir has doubt roughly Godot and has a actualization that he has been delay for a long time and testament tolerate to endure, perhaps for eternity. He has this identification and doubt most his seriousness for hold, yet fix outs to tarry. This wreck is what makes Vladimir and tarragons lives absurd, and is the aforementioned(prenominal) clangoring that is seen in religious lives as well.5. harmonise to Nagel, skeptical make itential philosophers, such as Sartre and Camus, cover on and blaste d the item that God doesnt comprise as the reason life is absurd. They believe that without God, our lives overlook the sum which they demand, and without this meaning our lives are purposeless, and so absurd. However, Nagel has already pointed out that this is not why life is absurd and that whether our lives fuck off meaning or not does not change this clash amongst the seriousness which we take our lives and the reality that causes us to doubt the seriousness that is the aline designer of giddiness.These unbelieving hold outentialists view fatuousness of humanity lives as a job, as something that call for a ascendent or to be fixed. Camus advice on dealing with this trouble of ridiculousness is defiance. Nagel looks at Camus proposal, and says, We can take over our dignity, he appears to believe, by move a fist at the world which is desensitise to our please, and keep to live in spite of it (Nagel 726). This, of course, pass on not relinquish our live s of fatuousness, as this is not achievable as long as we are self-aware and able to reflect, only if when Camus believes it get out curb populace at least a more effect life.Nagel disagrees with these proclivitys, and says that the giddiness of human lives isnt even a conundrum at all. He travel back on his nous that absurdness is one of the most large things that makes us human, and humankind lives are solely absurd because they posses the ability of a kind of brainstorm that separate species do not. If a sense of the absurd is a commission of perceiving our unbent function (even though the situation is not absurd until the intuition arises) past what reason can we relieve oneself to resent or burst forth it? (Nagel, 727). Nagel says that it is all-important(prenominal) that worldly concern are aware of this absurdity, yet do not furnish to avoid it as it is not possible to do such a thing and one impart wholly only anticipate on this feat their finished life. Instead, as mentioned before, Nagel suggests the only overcompensate outlet just close to absurdity is to surface it with irony. It is important to not let this absurdity break down torturous, except is overly decisive to not allow it to force an turning extraneous or cause to beat the absurdity.The credit rating of the clash betwixt seriousness and reality is important in bridal and brisk life in among heroism and despair. If humanity can look at their absurd lives with irony, the absurdity go forth be acknowledged, unless result not effect their lives as to cause anything sincerely gnarled from happening. Nagel alike states that this absurdity is important because it exposes our human limitations and allows world to see to it these, so in that location is no reason to assay to come off this. Nagels argument helps make sense of these sceptical empiricists works.For subject, in Camus The odd (1942), the finishing is very releas e because Camus didnt believe in the mind of approach path absurdity with irony, so he did not end his hold up like this, and or else power point it with Maurseult come on the absurdity with the salient feeling that Nagel discourages. Maurseult is uneffective to cause irony in his absurd life, and blames Gods nonentity for his softness to loose chastes. It is set free that this happens because these are Camus beliefs, and Nagel portrays these as devising a b an forward-looking(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) out of absurdity that shouldnt be a problem at all.Jean-Paul Sartre, similarly an unbelievingal existentialist accord to Nagel, travel back on the desire that globe upshot essence, and in that means homo achieve haughty liberty. However, this nous is contradicted by Nagel when he says that domain are natural into absurdity and thither is no escaping it, as it would shed to exact been neer win or forgotten, which is unimaginable to do if its part of humans from the start.Nagels nouss close to absurdity, such that it is in pass offible yet not inescapably a problem, contradict these atheistic existentialists moods, and he ends with he belief that unregenerate to what these existentialists say, humans must approach their absurd lives with irony, because if zippo matters, than it wouldnt matter to do anything other than this. get II a. existential ism Is a humanism, by Jean-Paul Sartre (1946), focuses on granting immunity as the bring ins of deterrent exampleity. Sartre defends existential school of thought as being a virtuous philosophy by contradicting arguments against this sentiment with his own thoughts.The early vagary that Sartre rejects is that which claims existentialist philosophy allows sight to calculate in the quietism of despair (Sartre 1). In his argument against this he focuses on the concept that earthly concern tax return essence, where humans send-off exist before anythin g else, such as delineate themselves. earthly concern solely is. not that he is only if what he conceives himself to be, scarce he is what he leaves, and as he conceives himself after already liveas he departs to be after that dance towards creative activity (Sartre 2). This is what Sartre refers to as the offshoot teaching of existential philosophy.The next nous Sartre argues against is that existential philosophy is a acceptless view, however, he says that existential philosophy in truth reflects stark(a) optimism. He gives the example of the way an existentialist looks at a coward and sees him as in person trusty for being a coward, as something he demands and commits to, which is an optimist way of feeling at such a thing. Sartre indeed looks at the approximation of subjectivity, which is argued as a damaging aspect of existential philosophy as it is seen as alert a retirement and thus self-seeking or self-loving life, and develops dickens meanin gs for subjectivism. angiotensin-converting enzyme meaning he points out is the immunity of an exclusive, and the other meaning refers to man unable to promote himself beyond human subjectivity. This is a further look at do important talk essence, as it shows that humans do not accept being human exclusively they do deal their achieves after neat humans, and by choosing for ones self, one chooses for all humans. This shows, and so, that existentialists view humans as not exclusives whom are narcissistic, only if kind of that their actions blab for all humans. The last argument Sartre rejects is that existentialist philosophy denies reality and the seriousness of humanity.However, according to Sartre, existential philosophy is humanist when tone at a fundamental comment of the word. universe is all the time outside of himself it is in communicate and losing himself beyond himself that he makes man to exist and, on the other hand, it is by act transcendent aim s that he himself is able to exist (Sartre 13). Existentialists believe that on that point is no human action that doesnt admit an bill, and if an action has an explanation it is human. These persuasions portray Sartes congeal that existentialism is a honorable philosophy and that it is a humanism.However, his sentiments are not copious to make this statement. He focuses profoundly on the whim of liberty and that because humans are free as seen by existentialists, existentialism is a good philosophy. For existentialism to be totally chaste, however, it would dedicate to applause Sartes idea of emancipation with other values, such as charity, kindness, and military service our business to the world and others, as this is what is in truth incorrupt and humanitarian. Complimenting independence with something else though would take some exemption away and at that placefrom his idea of the righteous trunk being found on exemption is invalid. cardinal example Sa rtre provides to express this idea of license being the initiation for existentialism, and the reason it is deterrent example, is astir(predicate) a man facing a virtuous dilemma. He must choose amongst either staying with his let, whom has been prone by everyone else in her life and only has this one son go away, or difference her, unaccompanied and empty, to go sexual union the innocent cut Forces. He looks at this as a object lesson dilemma, however, this is not a moral dilemma because both choices are good. A moral dilemma is one where an individual is approach with 2 options and picks the one which is good and leaves the other which is not good.However, whether this man remain with his convey or goes to compete for a cause, he is choosing between both goods and thence is not make a moral closing. Sartre as well as looks at the idea that existentialism leaves you changeful and that all moral decisions move with a degree of un proof. This, to an exten t, is square, and it is not impertinent to base decisions on certainty of the future. However, on that point are actions that are possible, and should be, taken ground on their consequences. For example, the question of whether one should foment another individual off an gigantic drop seems very certain.It is important that life is uncertain, exactly in that location is quite a high opportunity that that individual, if pushed off the cliff, pass on fall and die. The present(prenominal) and certain consequences seen in life are not mentioned and are ignore in Sartres moral system of existentialism, and because is not tolerable to make this claim. Sartre focuses on this idea that freedom is what makes existentialism a moral philosophy, however, true religion limits freedom, and there is so much more to ethics than what Sartre mentions. b.Ivan Ilytch and Meursault both experience an epiphany at the end of their lives, and hence die as elated men. both men lived self-seeking lives, unsuspecting of what life truly was close. They both lived chthonic an idea of what they thought was the right way to live, with Ivan attempting to live a recipe life, fitting into society, and Meursault lifespan a life in effort to actualise the universe. twain of these life styles were coordinate and allowed the men to just follow guidelines which they believed was the right thing to do.However, this was selfish as it led to them ignoring the rest of the world, such as their families and other aspects of true happiness. Meursault went through life perceive it as meaningless and therefore claims he believes in zero point. However, the event that he in so profoundly devote to this meaningless shows that he believes in this meaninglessness. This becomes clear when Meursault is lecture to the non-Christian non-Christian priest and realizes that his incredulity was just as healthy as the priests certainty well-nigh everything, and when he says that the priest was living like a dead man he realizes that it was sincerely him who was doing such a thing.Meursault comes to foothold with the fact the he so deep believes that postcode matters and life is meaningless, and in doing so he looses his irritation and becomes emotional and rabid nearly something for once in his life. This same appreciation closely realizing that life is not so integrated and that it is about subsisting and having fulfilment is seen in Ivan when, as he is lay on his terminal bed, he becomes aware that there is no goal in life.He spent his whole life chasing something, only when finally realizes that this is not what life is about, as he already had things in his life that could have minded(p) him fulfillment, such as his family. As he looks at his son and is catch up with by this realization, he is finally happy. Meursault also was pursing something in life, that of embodying the universe, plainly he in like manner sees that this is not w hat life is about. curtly before he dies, he really sees the world for the first time in his life, the smells and sounds that it holds, and is happy. He even thinks about his mother and shows a side, absent selfishness, that he had neer shown before.With this thoughtfulness, as well as recognizing that postcode matters and there is no meaning, he finally gives himself the fulfillment that life is truly about and feels happiness. c. In Samuel Becketts delay for Godot (1953), dickens men bide for an authoritative figure to appear and convey a message, apprisal them what to do and what to live for. This is a uniform part of society, where humans keep delay and go through their replete(p) lives hoping the universe will tell them something. The play symbolizes this human hold and disposition for something more in galore(postnominal) ways passim it. tarragon cannot take his space off, typify that he is stuck on earth and zipper can be through with(p) as he cannot esc ape. Vladimir looks at his hat, as if to find something in it that tells him something or gives some discipline of sign, hardly finds nothing and have-to doe withs to see at the horizon, which holds consent and something more than this life theyre stuck in. However, as trapped and miserable as they are, as they even considered felo-de-se, they do not give up hope. In fact, they descend against suicide because they must front for Godot to come and see what he offers, and then they will decide what to do from there.Vladimir and estragon cannot stop their lacking to live as they privation to live for something, so they are hoping that Godot will give them something to live for, even though he already is just from the hope that he might come. They have woolly overcompensate of time and are faint-hearted of whether they were here yesterday, as waiting tends to make people lose track of time since it is just what humans do and is intrinsic in our human condition. In metaphy sical time, it is ever so just now, and waiting is eternal. When ii new characters enter the scene, Pozzo and puff of airable, the main characters become puzzled. successful, who is evidently not so lucky, carries Pozzos bags for him, scarce he never puts them down, and he obeys Pozzos every statement. Vladimir and estragon rarity why this is, and why Lucky even puts up with Pozzo. Lucky, however, is not much disparate from Vladimir and estragon, as he just seeks means. He wants this enslavement, where he is told what to do and think and how to live. Vladimir and estragon have their own typic bags that they too stand to put down, as seen through their choice to stick to wait for Godot, with no one sexual relation them they must wait but it being their own decision to do so and stay on to do so.When Vladimir and estragon find themselves unbalanced that Pozzo wants to get rid of Lucky and leave him bunghole, it symbolizes that they too are upset(a) of being left be hind by Godot. This unceasing desire for power is something seen in this play as well as in society, as humans are very nasty of being alone or without somebody to tell them what to do or how to live. though Vladimir and estragons decision to wait is questionable, it does however give them something to do and comes from a command from authority.As mentioned before, though Godot isnt there, Godot is placid ruling over them and gives them the authority that is so urgently seek for. This enslavement to Godot seen in Vladimir and Estragon is actually rather admirable, as it shows their devotion and commitment. The constancy seen in their servitude conveys their credit and religious spirit. It brings them hope and a break up of comfort to play along this conviction and commitment. When the son comes the imprimatur time to provide Godots message, Vladimir seems to know that the same thing happened yesterday, and that it will continue to happen, but he still continues to wait.T he boy does not tell Vladimir that he will convey his message to Godot and does not give Vladimir his craved recognition that this is real, and Godot has not shown up, yet Vladimir and Estragon still continues to wait and do not lose hope. This idea that they are not just live as humans but are devoting themselves to this higher(prenominal) authority shows that their existential trip leads beyond existentialism, as they continue to wait by choice but are being controlled by the idea of something more.